500 lines
19 KiB
Markdown
500 lines
19 KiB
Markdown
Export a Rust Module to Rhai
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============================
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{{#include ../links.md}}
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Prelude
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-------
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When using the plugins system, the entire `rhai::plugin` module must be imported as a prelude
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because code generated will need these imports.
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```rust
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use rhai::plugin::*;
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```
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`#[export_module]`
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------------------
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When applied to a Rust module, the `#[export_module]` attribute generates the necessary
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code and metadata to allow Rhai access to its public (i.e. marked `pub`) functions, constants
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and sub-modules.
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This code is exactly what would need to be written by hand to achieve the same goal,
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and is custom fit to each exported item.
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All `pub` functions become registered functions, all `pub` constants become [module] constant variables,
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and all sub-modules become Rhai sub-modules.
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This Rust module can then either be loaded into an [`Engine`] as a normal [module] or
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registered as a [package]. This is done by using the `exported_module!` macro.
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The macro `combine_with_exported_module!` can also be used to _combine_ all the functions
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and variables into an existing module, _flattening_ the namespace - i.e. all sub-modules
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are eliminated and their contents promoted to the top level. This is typical for
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developing [custom packages].
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```rust
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use rhai::plugin::*; // a "prelude" import for macros
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#[export_module]
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mod my_module {
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// This constant will be registered as the constant variable 'MY_NUMBER'.
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// Ignored when loaded as a package.
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pub const MY_NUMBER: i64 = 42;
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// This function will be registered as 'greet'.
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pub fn greet(name: &str) -> String {
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format!("hello, {}!", name)
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}
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// This function will be registered as 'get_num'.
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pub fn get_num() -> i64 {
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mystic_number()
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}
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// This function will be registered as 'increment'.
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// It will also be exposed to the global namespace since 'global' is set.
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#[rhai_fn(global)]
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pub fn increment(num: &mut i64) {
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*num += 1;
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}
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// This function is not 'pub', so NOT registered.
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fn mystic_number() -> i64 {
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42
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}
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// Sub-modules are ignored when the Module is loaded as a package.
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pub mod my_sub_module {
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// This function is ignored when loaded as a package.
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// Otherwise it is a valid registered function under a sub-module.
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pub fn get_info() -> String {
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"hello".to_string()
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}
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}
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// Sub-modules are commonly used to put feature gates on a group of
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// functions because feature gates cannot be put on function definitions.
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// This is currently a limitation of the plugin procedural macros.
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#[cfg(feature = "advanced_functions")]
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pub mod advanced {
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// This function is ignored when loaded as a package.
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// Otherwise it is a valid registered function under a sub-module
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// which only exists when the 'advanced_functions' feature is used.
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pub fn advanced_calc(input: i64) -> i64 {
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input * 2
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}
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}
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}
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```
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### Use `Engine::load_package`
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The simplest way to load this into an [`Engine`] is to first use the `exported_module!` macro
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to turn it into a normal Rhai [module], then use the `Engine::load_package` method on it:
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```rust
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fn main() {
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let mut engine = Engine::new();
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// The macro call creates a Rhai module from the plugin module.
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let module = exported_module!(my_module);
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// A module can simply be loaded, registering all public functions.
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engine.load_package(module);
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}
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```
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The functions contained within the module definition (i.e. `greet`, `get_num` and `increment`)
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are automatically registered into the [`Engine`] when `Engine::load_package` is called.
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```rust
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let x = greet("world");
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x == "hello, world!";
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let x = greet(get_num().to_string());
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x == "hello, 42!";
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let x = get_num();
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x == 42;
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increment(x);
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x == 43;
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```
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Notice that, when using a [module] as a [package], only functions registered at the _top level_
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can be accessed. Variables as well as sub-modules are ignored.
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### Use `Engine::register_module`
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Another simple way to load this into an [`Engine`] is, again, to use the `exported_module!` macro
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to turn it into a normal Rhai [module], then use the `Engine::register_module` method on it:
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```rust
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fn main() {
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let mut engine = Engine::new();
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// The macro call creates a Rhai module from the plugin module.
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let module = exported_module!(my_module);
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// A module can simply be loaded as a globally-available module.
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engine.register_module("service", module);
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}
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```
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The functions contained within the module definition (i.e. `greet`, `get_num` and `increment`),
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plus the constant `MY_NUMBER`, are automatically loaded under the module namespace `service`:
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```rust
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let x = service::greet("world");
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x == "hello, world!";
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service::MY_NUMBER == 42;
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let x = service::greet(service::get_num().to_string());
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x == "hello, 42!";
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let x = service::get_num();
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x == 42;
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service::increment(x);
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x == 43;
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```
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All functions (usually _methods_) defined in the module and marked with `#[rhai_fn(global)]`,
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as well as all _type iterators_, are automatically exposed to the _global_ namespace, so
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[iteration]({{rootUrl}}/language/for.md), [getters/setters] and [indexers] for [custom types]
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can work as expected.
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Therefore, in the example above, the `increment` method (defined with `#[rhai_fn(global)]`)
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works fine when called in method-call style:
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```rust
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let x = 42;
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x.increment();
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x == 43;
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```
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### Use as loadable `Module`
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Using this directly as a dynamically-loadable Rhai [module] is almost the same, except that a
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[module resolver] must be used to serve the module, and the module is loaded via `import` statements.
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See the [module] section for more information.
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### Use as custom package
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Finally the plugin module can also be used to develop a [custom package],
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using `combine_with_exported_module!`:
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```rust
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def_package!(rhai:MyPackage:"My own personal super package", module, {
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combine_with_exported_module!(module, "my_module_ID", my_module));
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});
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```
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`combine_with_exported_module!` automatically _flattens_ the module namespace so that all
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functions in sub-modules are promoted to the top level. This is convenient for [custom packages].
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Sub-Modules and Feature Gates
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----------------------------
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Sub-modules in a plugin module definition are turned into valid sub-modules in the resultant
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Rhai `Module`.
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They are also commonly used to put _feature gates_ or _compile-time gates_ on a group of functions,
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because currently attributes do not work on individual function definitions due to a limitation of
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the procedural macros system.
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This is especially convenient when using the `combine_with_exported_module!` macro to develop
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[custom packages] because selected groups of functions can easily be included or excluded based on
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different combinations of feature flags instead of having to manually include/exclude every
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single function.
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```rust
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#[export_module]
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mod my_module {
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// Always available
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pub fn func0() {}
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// The following sub-module is only available under 'feature1'
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#[cfg(feature = "feature1")]
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pub mod feature1 {
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fn func1() {}
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fn func2() {}
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fn func3() {}
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}
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// The following sub-module is only available under 'feature2'
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#[cfg(feature = "feature2")]
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pub mod feature2 {
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fn func4() {}
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fn func5() {}
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fn func6() {}
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}
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}
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// Registered functions:
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// func0 - always available
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// func1 - available under 'feature1'
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// func2 - available under 'feature1'
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// func3 - available under 'feature1'
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// func4 - available under 'feature2'
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// func5 - available under 'feature2'
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// func6 - available under 'feature2'
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combine_with_exported_module!(module, "my_module_ID", my_module);
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```
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Function Overloading and Operators
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---------------------------------
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Operators and overloaded functions can be specified via applying the `#[rhai_fn(name = "...")]`
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attribute to individual functions.
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The text string given as the `name` parameter to `#[rhai_fn]` is used to register the function with
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the [`Engine`], disregarding the actual name of the function.
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With `#[rhai_fn(name = "...")]`, multiple functions may be registered under the same name in Rhai,
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so long as they have different parameters.
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Operators (which require function names that are not valid for Rust) can also be registered this way.
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Registering the same function name with the same parameter types will cause a parsing error.
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```rust
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use rhai::plugin::*; // a "prelude" import for macros
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#[export_module]
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mod my_module {
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// This is the '+' operator for 'MyType'.
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#[rhai_fn(name = "+")]
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pub fn add(obj: &mut MyType, value: i64) {
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obj.prop += value;
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}
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// This function is 'calc (i64)'.
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#[rhai_fn(name = "calc")]
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pub fn calc_with_default(num: i64) -> i64 {
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...
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}
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// This function is 'calc (i64, bool)'.
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#[rhai_fn(name = "calc")]
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pub fn calc_with_option(num: i64, option: bool) -> i64 {
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...
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}
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}
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```
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Getters, Setters and Indexers
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-----------------------------
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Functions can be marked as [getters/setters] and [indexers] for [custom types] via the `#[rhai_fn]`
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attribute, which is applied on a function level.
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```rust
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use rhai::plugin::*; // a "prelude" import for macros
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#[export_module]
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mod my_module {
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// This is a normal function 'greet'.
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pub fn greet(name: &str) -> String {
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format!("hello, {}!", name)
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}
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// This is a getter for 'MyType::prop'.
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#[rhai_fn(get = "prop")]
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pub fn get_prop(obj: &mut MyType) -> i64 {
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obj.prop
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}
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// This is a setter for 'MyType::prop'.
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#[rhai_fn(set = "prop")]
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pub fn set_prop(obj: &mut MyType, value: i64) {
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obj.prop = value;
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}
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// This is an index getter for 'MyType'.
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#[rhai_fn(index_get)]
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pub fn get_index(obj: &mut MyType, index: i64) -> bool {
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obj.list[index]
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}
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// This is an index setter for 'MyType'.
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#[rhai_fn(index_set)]
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pub fn get_index(obj: &mut MyType, index: i64, state: bool) {
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obj.list[index] = state;
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}
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}
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```
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Multiple Registrations
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----------------------
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Parameters to the `#[rhai_fn(...)]` attribute can be applied multiple times.
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This is especially useful for the `name = "..."`, `get = "..."` and `set = "..."` parameters
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to give multiple alternative names to the same function.
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```rust
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use rhai::plugin::*; // a "prelude" import for macros
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#[export_module]
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mod my_module {
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// This function can be called in five ways
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#[rhai_fn(name = "get_prop_value", name = "prop", name = "+", set = "prop", index_get)]
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pub fn prop_function(obj: &mut MyType, index: i64) -> i64 {
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obj.prop[index]
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}
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}
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```
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The above function can be called in five ways:
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| Parameter for `#[rhai_fn(...)]` | Type | Call style |
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| ------------------------------- | :-------------: | --------------------------------------------- |
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| `name = "get_prop_value"` | method function | `get_prop_value(x, 0)`, `x.get_prop_value(0)` |
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| `name = "prop"` | method function | `prop(x, 0)`, `x.prop(0)` |
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| `name = "+"` | operator | `x + 42` |
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| `set = "prop"` | setter | `x.prop = 42` |
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| `index_get` | index getter | `x[0]` |
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Fallible Functions
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------------------
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To register [fallible functions] (i.e. functions that may return errors), apply the
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`#[rhai_fn(return_raw)]` attribute on functions that return `Result<Dynamic, Box<EvalAltResult>>`.
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A syntax error is generated if the function with `#[rhai_fn(return_raw)]` does not
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have the appropriate return type.
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```rust
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use rhai::plugin::*; // a "prelude" import for macros
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#[export_module]
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mod my_module {
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// This overloads the '/' operator for i64.
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#[rhai_fn(name = "/", return_raw)]
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pub fn double_and_divide(x: i64, y: i64) -> Result<Dynamic, Box<EvalAltResult>> {
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if y == 0 {
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Err("Division by zero!".into())
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} else {
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let result = (x * 2) / y;
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Ok(result.into())
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}
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}
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}
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```
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`NativeCallContext` Parameter
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----------------------------
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If the _first_ parameter of a function is of type `rhai::NativeCallContext`, then it is treated
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specially by the plugins system.
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`NativeCallContext` is a type that encapsulates the current _native call context_ and exposes the following:
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| Field | Type | Description |
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| ------------------- | :-----------------------------: | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
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| `engine()` | `&Engine` | the current [`Engine`], with all configurations and settings.<br/>This is sometimes useful for calling a script-defined function within the same evaluation context using [`Engine::call_fn`][`call_fn`], or calling a [function pointer]. |
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| `imports()` | `Option<&Imports>` | reference to the current stack of [modules] imported via `import` statements (if any) |
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| `iter_namespaces()` | `impl Iterator<Item = &Module>` | iterator of the namespaces (as [modules]) containing all script-defined functions |
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This first parameter, if exists, will be stripped before all other processing. It is _virtual_.
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Most importantly, it does _not_ count as a parameter to the function and there is no need to provide
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this argument when calling the function in Rhai.
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The native call context can be used to call a [function pointer] or [closure] that has been passed
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as a parameter to the function, thereby implementing a _callback_:
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```rust
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use rhai::{Dynamic, FnPtr, NativeCallContext, EvalAltResult};
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use rhai::plugin::*; // a "prelude" import for macros
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#[export_module]
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mod my_module {
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#[rhai_fn(return_raw)]
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pub fn greet(context: NativeCallContext, callback: FnPtr)
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-> Result<Dynamic, Box<EvalAltResult>>
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{
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// Call the callback closure with the current context
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// to obtain the name to greet!
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let name = callback.call_dynamic(context, None, [])?;
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Ok(format!("hello, {}!", name).into())
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}
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}
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```
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The native call context is also useful in another scenario: protecting a function from malicious scripts.
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```rust
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use rhai::{Dynamic, Array, NativeCallContext, EvalAltResult, Position};
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use rhai::plugin::*; // a "prelude" import for macros
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#[export_module]
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mod my_module {
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// This function builds an array of arbitrary size, but is protected
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// against attacks by first checking with the allowed limit set
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// into the 'Engine'.
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#[rhai_fn(return_raw)]
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pub fn grow(context: NativeCallContext, size: i64)
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-> Result<Dynamic, Box<EvalAltResult>>
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{
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// Make sure the function does not generate a
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// data structure larger than the allowed limit
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// for the Engine!
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if size as usize > context.engine().max_array_size()
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{
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return EvalAltResult::ErrorDataTooLarge(
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"Size to grow".to_string(),
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context.engine().max_array_size(),
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size as usize,
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Position::NONE,
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).into();
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}
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let array = Array::new();
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for x in 0..size {
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array.push(x.into());
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}
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OK(array.into())
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}
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}
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```
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`#[export_module]` Parameters
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----------------------------
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Parameters can be applied to the `#[export_module]` attribute to override its default behavior.
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| Parameter | Description |
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| ----------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
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| _none_ | exports only public (i.e. `pub`) functions |
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| `export_all` | exports all functions (including private, non-`pub` functions); use `#[rhai_fn(skip)]` on individual functions to avoid export |
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| `export_prefix = "..."` | exports functions (including private, non-`pub` functions) with names starting with a specific prefix |
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Inner Attributes
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----------------
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Inner attributes can be applied to the inner items of a module to tweak the export process.
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`#[rhai_fn]` is applied to functions, while `#[rhai_mod]` is applied to sub-modules.
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Parameters should be set on inner attributes to specify the desired behavior.
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| Attribute Parameter | Use with | Apply to | Description |
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| ------------------- | --------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------- |
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| `skip` | `#[rhai_fn]`, `#[rhai_mod]` | function or sub-module | do not export this function/sub-module |
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| `global` | `#[rhai_fn]` | function | expose this function to the global namespace |
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| `internal` | `#[rhai_fn]` | function | keep this function within the internal module namespace |
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| `name = "..."` | `#[rhai_fn]`, `#[rhai_mod]` | function or sub-module | registers function/sub-module under the specified name |
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| `get = "..."` | `#[rhai_fn]` | `pub fn (&mut Type) -> Value` | registers a getter for the named property |
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| `set = "..."` | `#[rhai_fn]` | `pub fn (&mut Type, Value)` | registers a setter for the named property |
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| `index_get` | `#[rhai_fn]` | `pub fn (&mut Type, INT) -> Value` | registers an index getter |
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| `index_set` | `#[rhai_fn]` | `pub fn (&mut Type, INT, Value)` | registers an index setter |
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| `return_raw` | `#[rhai_fn]` | `pub fn (...) -> Result<Dynamic, Box<EvalAltResult>>` | marks this as a [fallible function] |
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