Add events handler pattern.

doc/src/SUMMARY.md

@@ -52,18 +52,19 @@ The Rhai Scripting Language
    1. [Comments](language/comments.md)
    2. [Values and Types](language/values-and-types.md)
       1. [Dynamic Values](language/dynamic.md)
-      2. [type_of()](language/type-of.md)
+      2. [Serialization/Deserialization with `serde`](rust/serde.md)
-      3. [Numbers](language/numbers.md)
+      3. [type_of()](language/type-of.md)
+      4. [Numbers](language/numbers.md)
          1. [Operators](language/num-op.md)
          2. [Functions](language/num-fn.md)
          3. [Value Conversions](language/convert.md)
-      4. [Strings and Characters](language/strings-chars.md)
+      5. [Strings and Characters](language/strings-chars.md)
          1. [Built-in Functions](language/string-fn.md)
-      5. [Arrays](language/arrays.md)
+      6. [Arrays](language/arrays.md)
-      6. [Object Maps](language/object-maps.md)
+      7. [Object Maps](language/object-maps.md)
           1. [Parse from JSON](language/json.md)
           2. [Special Support for OOP](language/object-maps-oop.md)
-      7. [Time-Stamps](language/timestamps.md)
+      8. [Time-Stamps](language/timestamps.md)
    3. [Keywords](language/keywords.md)
    4. [Statements](language/statements.md)
    5. [Variables](language/variables.md)
@@ -104,29 +105,29 @@ The Rhai Scripting Language
    7. [Maximum Number of Modules](safety/max-modules.md)
    8. [Maximum Call Stack Depth](safety/max-call-stack.md)
    9. [Maximum Statement Depth](safety/max-stmt-depth.md)
-7. [Advanced Topics](advanced.md)
+7. [Usage Patterns](patterns/index.md)
-   1. [Advanced Patterns](patterns/index.md)
+   1. [Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)](patterns/oop.md)
-      1. [Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)](patterns/oop.md)
+   2. [Loadable Configuration](patterns/config.md)
-      2. [Loadable Configuration](patterns/config.md)
+   3. [Control Layer](patterns/control.md)
-      3. [Control Layer](patterns/control.md)
+   4. [Singleton Command](patterns/singleton.md)
-      4. [Singleton Command](patterns/singleton.md)
+   5. [One Engine Instance Per Call](patterns/parallel.md)
-      5. [One Engine Instance Per Call](patterns/parallel.md)
+   6. [Scriptable Event Handler with State](patterns/events.md)
-   2. [Capture Scope for Function Call](language/fn-capture.md)
+8. [Advanced Topics](advanced.md)
-   3. [Serialization/Deserialization of `Dynamic` with `serde`](rust/serde.md)
+   1. [Capture Scope for Function Call](language/fn-capture.md)
-   4. [Script Optimization](engine/optimize/index.md)
+   2. [Script Optimization](engine/optimize/index.md)
       1. [Optimization Levels](engine/optimize/optimize-levels.md)
       2. [Re-Optimize an AST](engine/optimize/reoptimize.md)
       3. [Eager Function Evaluation](engine/optimize/eager.md)
       4. [Side-Effect Considerations](engine/optimize/side-effects.md)
       5. [Volatility Considerations](engine/optimize/volatility.md)
       6. [Subtle Semantic Changes](engine/optimize/semantics.md)
-   5. [Low-Level API](rust/register-raw.md)
+   3. [Low-Level API](rust/register-raw.md)
-   6. [Use as DSL](engine/dsl.md)
+   4. [Use as DSL](engine/dsl.md)
       1. [Disable Keywords and/or Operators](engine/disable.md)
       2. [Custom Operators](engine/custom-op.md)
       3. [Extending with Custom Syntax](engine/custom-syntax.md)
-   7. [Multiple Instantiation](patterns/multiple.md)
+   5. [Multiple Instantiation](patterns/multiple.md)
-8. [Appendix](appendix/index.md)
+9. [Appendix](appendix/index.md)
    1. [Keywords](appendix/keywords.md)
    2. [Operators and Symbols](appendix/operators.md)
    3. [Literals](appendix/literals.md)

doc/src/patterns/events.md

@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+Scriptable Event Handler with State
+==================================
+
+{{#include ../links.md}}
+
+
+Usage Scenario
+--------------
+
+* A system sends _events_ that must be handled.
+
+* Flexibility in event handling must be provided, through user-side scripting.
+
+* State must be kept between invocations of event handlers.
+
+* Default implementations of event handlers can be provided.
+
+
+Key Concepts
+------------
+
+* An _event handler_ object is declared that holds the following items:
+  * [`Engine`] with registered functions serving as an API,
+  * [`AST`] of the user script,
+  * a [`Scope`] containing state.
+
+* Upon an event, the appropriate event handler function in the script is called via [`Engine::call_fn`][`call_fn`].
+
+* Optionally, trap the `EvalAltResult::ErrorFunctionNotFound` error to provide a default implementation.
+
+
+Implementation
+--------------
+
+### Declare Handler Object
+
+In most cases, it would be simpler to store an [`Engine`] instance together with the handler object
+because it only requires registering all API functions only once.
+
+In rare cases where handlers are created and destroyed in a tight loop, a new [`Engine`] instance
+can be created for each event. See [_One Engine Instance Per Call_](parallel.md) for more details.
+
+```rust
+use rhai::{Engine, Scope, AST, EvalAltResult};
+
+// Event handler
+struct Handler {
+    // Scripting engine
+    pub engine: Engine,
+    // Use a custom 'Scope' to keep stored state
+    pub scope: Scope<'static>,
+    // Program script
+    pub ast: AST
+}
+```
+
+### Initialize Handler Object
+
+Steps to initialize the event handler:
+
+1. Register an API with the [`Engine`],
+2. Create a custom [`Scope`] to serve as the stored state,
+3. Add default state variables into the custom [`Scope`],
+4. Get the handler script and [compile][`AST`] it,
+5. Store the compiled [`AST`] for future evaluations,
+6. Run the [`AST`] to initialize event handler state variables.
+
+```rust
+impl Handler {
+    pub new(path: impl Into<PathBuf>) -> Self {
+        let mut engine = Engine::new();
+
+        // Register API functions here
+        engine
+            .register_fn("func1", func1)
+            .register_fn("func2", func2)
+            .register_fn("func3", func3)
+            .register_type_with_name::<SomeType>("SomeType")
+            .register_get_set("value",
+                |obj: &mut SomeType| obj.data,
+                |obj: &mut SomeType, value: i64| obj.data = value
+            );
+
+        // Create a custom 'Scope' to hold state
+        let mut scope = Scope::new();
+
+        // Add initialized state into the custom 'Scope'
+        scope.push("state1", false);
+        scope.push("state2", SomeType::new(42));
+
+        // Compile the handler script.
+        // In a real application you'd be handling errors...
+        let ast = engine.compile_file(path).unwrap();
+
+        // Evaluate the script to initialize it and other state variables.
+        // In a real application you'd again be handling errors...
+        engine.consume_ast_with_scope(&mut scope, &ast).unwrap();
+
+        // The event handler is essentially these three items:
+        Handler { engine, scope, ast }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Hook up events
+
+There is usually an interface or trait that gets called when an event comes from the system.
+
+Mapping an event from the system into a scripted handler is straight-forward:
+
+```rust
+impl Handler {
+    // Say there are three events: 'start', 'end', 'update'.
+    // In a real application you'd be handling errors...
+    pub fn on_event(&mut self, event_name: &str, event_data: i64) {
+        match event_name {
+            // The 'start' event maps to function 'start'.
+            // In a real application you'd be handling errors...
+            "start" =>
+                self.engine
+                    .call_fn(&mut self.scope, &self.ast, "start", (event_data,)).unwrap(),
+
+            // The 'end' event maps to function 'end'.
+            // In a real application you'd be handling errors...
+            "end" =>
+                self.engine
+                    .call_fn(&mut self.scope, &self.ast, "end", (event_data,)).unwrap(),
+
+            // The 'update' event maps to function 'update'.
+            // This event provides a default implementation when the scripted function
+            // is not found.
+            "update" =>
+                self.engine
+                    .call_fn(&mut self.scope, &self.ast, "update", (event_data,))
+                    .or_else(|err| match *err {
+                        EvalAltResult::ErrorFunctionNotFound(fn_name, _) if fn_name == "update" => {
+                            // Default implementation of 'update' event handler
+                            self.scope.set_value("state2", SomeType::new(42));
+                            // Turn function-not-found into a success
+                            Ok(().into())
+                        }
+                        _ => Err(err.into())
+                    })
+                    .unwrap()
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Sample Handler Script
+
+Because the stored state is kept in a custom [`Scope`], it is possible for all functions defined
+in the handler script to access and modify these state variables.
+
+The API registered with the [`Engine`] can be also used throughout the script.
+
+```rust
+fn start(data) {
+    if state1 {
+        throw "Already started!";
+    }
+    if func1(state2) || func2() {
+        throw "Conditions not yet ready to start!";
+    }
+    state1 = true;
+    state2.value = 0;
+}
+
+fn end(data) {
+    if !state1 {
+        throw "Not yet started!";
+    }
+    if func1(state2) || func2() {
+        throw "Conditions not yet ready to start!";
+    }
+    state1 = false;
+}
+
+fn update(data) {
+    state2.value += func3(data);
+}
+```

doc/src/patterns/index.md

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-Advanced Patterns
+Usage Patterns
-=================
+==============
 
 {{#include ../links.md}}
 
 
-Leverage the full power and flexibility of Rhai in advanced scenarios.
+Leverage the full power and flexibility of Rhai in different scenarios.