rhai/src/any.rs

//! Helper module which defines the `Any` trait to to allow dynamic value handling.

use crate::fn_native::{FnPtr, SendSync};
use crate::parser::{ImmutableString, INT};
use crate::r#unsafe::{unsafe_cast_box, unsafe_try_cast};

#[cfg(not(feature = "no_closure"))]
use crate::fn_native::{shared_try_take, Locked, Shared};

#[cfg(not(feature = "no_float"))]
use crate::parser::FLOAT;

#[cfg(not(feature = "no_index"))]
use crate::engine::Array;

#[cfg(not(feature = "no_object"))]
use crate::engine::Map;

use crate::stdlib::{
    any::{type_name, Any, TypeId},
    boxed::Box,
    fmt,
    ops::{Deref, DerefMut},
    string::{String, ToString},
};

#[cfg(not(feature = "no_closure"))]
#[cfg(not(feature = "sync"))]
use crate::stdlib::cell::{Ref, RefMut};

#[cfg(not(feature = "no_closure"))]
#[cfg(feature = "sync")]
use crate::stdlib::sync::{RwLockReadGuard, RwLockWriteGuard};

#[cfg(not(feature = "no_object"))]
use crate::stdlib::collections::HashMap;

#[cfg(not(feature = "no_index"))]
use crate::stdlib::vec::Vec;

#[cfg(not(feature = "no_std"))]
#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
use crate::stdlib::time::Instant;

#[cfg(not(feature = "no_std"))]
#[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
use instant::Instant;

mod private {
    use crate::fn_native::SendSync;
    use crate::stdlib::any::Any;

    /// A sealed trait that prevents other crates from implementing [`Variant`].
    ///
    /// [`Variant`]: super::Variant
    pub trait Sealed {}

    impl<T: Any + Clone + SendSync> Sealed for T {}
}

/// Trait to represent any type.
///
/// Currently, `Variant` is not `Send` nor `Sync`, so it can practically be any type.
/// Turn on the `sync` feature to restrict it to only types that implement `Send + Sync`.
#[cfg(not(feature = "sync"))]
pub trait Variant: Any + private::Sealed {
    /// Convert this `Variant` trait object to `&dyn Any`.
    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any;

    /// Convert this `Variant` trait object to `&mut dyn Any`.
    fn as_mut_any(&mut self) -> &mut dyn Any;

    /// Convert this `Variant` trait object to an `Any` trait object.
    fn as_box_any(self: Box<Self>) -> Box<dyn Any>;

    /// Get the name of this type.
    fn type_name(&self) -> &'static str;

    /// Convert into `Dynamic`.
    fn into_dynamic(self) -> Dynamic;

    /// Clone into `Dynamic`.
    fn clone_into_dynamic(&self) -> Dynamic;
}

/// Trait to represent any type.
///
/// `From<_>` is implemented for `i64` (`i32` if `only_i32`), `f64` (if not `no_float`),
/// `bool`, `String`, `char`, `Vec<T>` (into `Array`) and `HashMap<String, T>` (into `Map`).
#[cfg(feature = "sync")]
pub trait Variant: Any + Send + Sync + private::Sealed {
    /// Convert this `Variant` trait object to `&dyn Any`.
    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any;

    /// Convert this `Variant` trait object to `&mut dyn Any`.
    fn as_mut_any(&mut self) -> &mut dyn Any;

    /// Convert this `Variant` trait object to an `Any` trait object.
    fn as_box_any(self: Box<Self>) -> Box<dyn Any>;

    /// Get the name of this type.
    fn type_name(&self) -> &'static str;

    /// Convert into `Dynamic`.
    fn into_dynamic(self) -> Dynamic;

    /// Clone into `Dynamic`.
    fn clone_into_dynamic(&self) -> Dynamic;
}

impl<T: Any + Clone + SendSync> Variant for T {
    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any {
        self
    }
    fn as_mut_any(&mut self) -> &mut dyn Any {
        self
    }
    fn as_box_any(self: Box<Self>) -> Box<dyn Any> {
        self
    }
    fn type_name(&self) -> &'static str {
        type_name::<T>()
    }
    fn into_dynamic(self) -> Dynamic {
        Dynamic::from(self)
    }
    fn clone_into_dynamic(&self) -> Dynamic {
        Dynamic::from(self.clone())
    }
}

impl dyn Variant {
    /// Is this `Variant` a specific type?
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn is<T: Any>(&self) -> bool {
        TypeId::of::<T>() == self.type_id()
    }
}

/// Dynamic type containing any value.
pub struct Dynamic(pub(crate) Union);

/// Internal `Dynamic` representation.
///
/// Most variants are boxed to reduce the size.
pub enum Union {
    Unit(()),
    Bool(bool),
    Str(ImmutableString),
    Char(char),
    Int(INT),
    #[cfg(not(feature = "no_float"))]
    Float(FLOAT),
    #[cfg(not(feature = "no_index"))]
    Array(Box<Array>),
    #[cfg(not(feature = "no_object"))]
    Map(Box<Map>),
    FnPtr(Box<FnPtr>),
    #[cfg(not(feature = "no_std"))]
    TimeStamp(Box<Instant>),

    Variant(Box<Box<dyn Variant>>),

    #[cfg(not(feature = "no_closure"))]
    Shared(Shared<Locked<Dynamic>>),
}

/// Underlying `Variant` read guard for `Dynamic`.
///
/// This data structure provides transparent interoperability between
/// normal `Dynamic` and shared Dynamic values.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct DynamicReadLock<'d, T: Variant + Clone>(DynamicReadLockInner<'d, T>);

/// Different types of read guards for `DynamicReadLock`.
#[derive(Debug)]
enum DynamicReadLockInner<'d, T: Variant + Clone> {
    /// A simple reference to a non-shared value.
    Reference(&'d T),

    /// A read guard to a shared `RefCell`.
    #[cfg(not(feature = "no_closure"))]
    #[cfg(not(feature = "sync"))]
    Guard(Ref<'d, Dynamic>),
    /// A read guard to a shared `RwLock`.
    #[cfg(not(feature = "no_closure"))]
    #[cfg(feature = "sync")]
    Guard(RwLockReadGuard<'d, Dynamic>),
}

impl<'d, T: Variant + Clone> Deref for DynamicReadLock<'d, T> {
    type Target = T;

    #[inline(always)]
    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
        match &self.0 {
            DynamicReadLockInner::Reference(reference) => *reference,
            // Unwrapping is safe because all checking is already done in its constructor
            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_closure"))]
            DynamicReadLockInner::Guard(guard) => guard.downcast_ref().unwrap(),
        }
    }
}

/// Underlying `Variant` write guard for `Dynamic`.
///
/// This data structure provides transparent interoperability between
/// normal `Dynamic` and shared Dynamic values.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct DynamicWriteLock<'d, T: Variant + Clone>(DynamicWriteLockInner<'d, T>);

/// Different types of write guards for `DynamicReadLock`.
#[derive(Debug)]
enum DynamicWriteLockInner<'d, T: Variant + Clone> {
    /// A simple mutable reference to a non-shared value.
    Reference(&'d mut T),

    /// A write guard to a shared `RefCell`.
    #[cfg(not(feature = "no_closure"))]
    #[cfg(not(feature = "sync"))]
    Guard(RefMut<'d, Dynamic>),
    /// A write guard to a shared `RwLock`.
    #[cfg(not(feature = "no_closure"))]
    #[cfg(feature = "sync")]
    Guard(RwLockWriteGuard<'d, Dynamic>),
}

impl<'d, T: Variant + Clone> Deref for DynamicWriteLock<'d, T> {
    type Target = T;

    #[inline(always)]
    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
        match &self.0 {
            DynamicWriteLockInner::Reference(reference) => *reference,
            // Unwrapping is safe because all checking is already done in its constructor
            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_closure"))]
            DynamicWriteLockInner::Guard(guard) => guard.downcast_ref().unwrap(),
        }
    }
}

impl<'d, T: Variant + Clone> DerefMut for DynamicWriteLock<'d, T> {
    #[inline(always)]
    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
        match &mut self.0 {
            DynamicWriteLockInner::Reference(reference) => *reference,
            // Unwrapping is safe because all checking is already done in its constructor
            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_closure"))]
            DynamicWriteLockInner::Guard(guard) => guard.downcast_mut().unwrap(),
        }
    }
}

impl Dynamic {
    /// Does this `Dynamic` hold a variant data type
    /// instead of one of the support system primitive types?
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn is_variant(&self) -> bool {
        match self.0 {
            Union::Variant(_) => true,
            _ => false,
        }
    }

    /// Does this `Dynamic` hold a shared data type
    /// instead of one of the supported system primitive types?
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn is_shared(&self) -> bool {
        match self.0 {
            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_closure"))]
            Union::Shared(_) => true,
            _ => false,
        }
    }

    /// Is the value held by this `Dynamic` a particular type?
    ///
    /// If the `Dynamic` is a Shared variant checking is performed on
    /// top of it's internal value.
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn is<T: Variant + Clone>(&self) -> bool {
        let mut target_type_id = TypeId::of::<T>();

        if target_type_id == TypeId::of::<String>() {
            target_type_id = TypeId::of::<ImmutableString>();
        }

        self.type_id() == target_type_id
    }

    /// Get the TypeId of the value held by this `Dynamic`.
    ///
    /// # Panics or Deadlocks When Value is Shared
    ///
    /// Under the `sync` feature, this call may deadlock, or [panic](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.RwLock.html#panics-1).
    /// Otherwise, this call panics if the data is currently borrowed for write.
    pub fn type_id(&self) -> TypeId {
        match &self.0 {
            Union::Unit(_) => TypeId::of::<()>(),
            Union::Bool(_) => TypeId::of::<bool>(),
            Union::Str(_) => TypeId::of::<ImmutableString>(),
            Union::Char(_) => TypeId::of::<char>(),
            Union::Int(_) => TypeId::of::<INT>(),
            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_float"))]
            Union::Float(_) => TypeId::of::<FLOAT>(),
            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_index"))]
            Union::Array(_) => TypeId::of::<Array>(),
            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_object"))]
            Union::Map(_) => TypeId::of::<Map>(),
            Union::FnPtr(_) => TypeId::of::<FnPtr>(),
            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_std"))]
            Union::TimeStamp(_) => TypeId::of::<Instant>(),

            Union::Variant(value) => (***value).type_id(),

            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_closure"))]
            #[cfg(not(feature = "sync"))]
            Union::Shared(cell) => (*cell.borrow()).type_id(),
            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_closure"))]
            #[cfg(feature = "sync")]
            Union::Shared(cell) => (*cell.read().unwrap()).type_id(),
        }
    }

    /// Get the name of the type of the value held by this `Dynamic`.
    ///
    /// # Panics or Deadlocks When Value is Shared
    ///
    /// Under the `sync` feature, this call may deadlock, or [panic](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.RwLock.html#panics-1).
    /// Otherwise, this call panics if the data is currently borrowed for write.
    pub fn type_name(&self) -> &'static str {
        match &self.0 {
            Union::Unit(_) => "()",
            Union::Bool(_) => "bool",
            Union::Str(_) => "string",
            Union::Char(_) => "char",
            Union::Int(_) => type_name::<INT>(),
            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_float"))]
            Union::Float(_) => type_name::<FLOAT>(),
            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_index"))]
            Union::Array(_) => "array",
            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_object"))]
            Union::Map(_) => "map",
            Union::FnPtr(_) => "Fn",
            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_std"))]
            Union::TimeStamp(_) => "timestamp",

            Union::Variant(value) => (***value).type_name(),

            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_closure"))]
            #[cfg(not(feature = "sync"))]
            Union::Shared(cell) => cell
                .try_borrow()
                .map(|v| (*v).type_name())
                .unwrap_or("<shared>"),
            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_closure"))]
            #[cfg(feature = "sync")]
            Union::Shared(cell) => (*cell.read().unwrap()).type_name(),
        }
    }
}

/// Map the name of a standard type into a friendly form.
#[inline]
pub(crate) fn map_std_type_name(name: &str) -> &str {
    if name == type_name::<String>() {
        "string"
    } else if name == type_name::<ImmutableString>() {
        "string"
    } else if name == type_name::<&str>() {
        "string"
    } else if name == type_name::<FnPtr>() {
        "Fn"
    } else {
        #[cfg(not(feature = "no_index"))]
        if name == type_name::<Array>() {
            return "array";
        }
        #[cfg(not(feature = "no_object"))]
        if name == type_name::<Map>() {
            return "map";
        }
        #[cfg(not(feature = "no_std"))]
        if name == type_name::<Instant>() {
            return "timestamp";
        }

        name
    }
}

impl fmt::Display for Dynamic {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        match &self.0 {
            Union::Unit(_) => write!(f, ""),
            Union::Bool(value) => fmt::Display::fmt(value, f),
            Union::Str(value) => fmt::Display::fmt(value, f),
            Union::Char(value) => fmt::Display::fmt(value, f),
            Union::Int(value) => fmt::Display::fmt(value, f),
            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_float"))]
            Union::Float(value) => fmt::Display::fmt(value, f),
            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_index"))]
            Union::Array(value) => fmt::Debug::fmt(value, f),
            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_object"))]
            Union::Map(value) => {
                f.write_str("#")?;
                fmt::Debug::fmt(value, f)
            }
            Union::FnPtr(value) => fmt::Display::fmt(value, f),
            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_std"))]
            Union::TimeStamp(_) => f.write_str("<timestamp>"),

            Union::Variant(value) => f.write_str((*value).type_name()),

            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_closure"))]
            #[cfg(not(feature = "sync"))]
            Union::Shared(cell) => {
                if let Ok(v) = cell.try_borrow() {
                    fmt::Display::fmt(&*v, f)
                } else {
                    f.write_str("<shared>")
                }
            }
            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_closure"))]
            #[cfg(feature = "sync")]
            Union::Shared(cell) => fmt::Display::fmt(&*cell.read().unwrap(), f),
        }
    }
}

impl fmt::Debug for Dynamic {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        match &self.0 {
            Union::Unit(value) => fmt::Debug::fmt(value, f),
            Union::Bool(value) => fmt::Debug::fmt(value, f),
            Union::Str(value) => fmt::Debug::fmt(value, f),
            Union::Char(value) => fmt::Debug::fmt(value, f),
            Union::Int(value) => fmt::Debug::fmt(value, f),
            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_float"))]
            Union::Float(value) => fmt::Debug::fmt(value, f),
            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_index"))]
            Union::Array(value) => fmt::Debug::fmt(value, f),
            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_object"))]
            Union::Map(value) => {
                f.write_str("#")?;
                fmt::Debug::fmt(value, f)
            }
            Union::FnPtr(value) => fmt::Debug::fmt(value, f),
            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_std"))]
            Union::TimeStamp(_) => write!(f, "<timestamp>"),

            Union::Variant(value) => write!(f, "{}", (*value).type_name()),

            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_closure"))]
            #[cfg(not(feature = "sync"))]
            Union::Shared(cell) => {
                if let Ok(v) = cell.try_borrow() {
                    write!(f, "{:?} (shared)", *v)
                } else {
                    f.write_str("<shared>")
                }
            }
            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_closure"))]
            #[cfg(feature = "sync")]
            Union::Shared(cell) => fmt::Debug::fmt(&*cell.read().unwrap(), f),
        }
    }
}

impl Clone for Dynamic {
    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
        match self.0 {
            Union::Unit(value) => Self(Union::Unit(value)),
            Union::Bool(value) => Self(Union::Bool(value)),
            Union::Str(ref value) => Self(Union::Str(value.clone())),
            Union::Char(value) => Self(Union::Char(value)),
            Union::Int(value) => Self(Union::Int(value)),
            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_float"))]
            Union::Float(value) => Self(Union::Float(value)),
            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_index"))]
            Union::Array(ref value) => Self(Union::Array(value.clone())),
            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_object"))]
            Union::Map(ref value) => Self(Union::Map(value.clone())),
            Union::FnPtr(ref value) => Self(Union::FnPtr(value.clone())),
            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_std"))]
            Union::TimeStamp(ref value) => Self(Union::TimeStamp(value.clone())),

            Union::Variant(ref value) => (***value).clone_into_dynamic(),

            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_closure"))]
            Union::Shared(ref cell) => Self(Union::Shared(cell.clone())),
        }
    }
}

impl Default for Dynamic {
    #[inline(always)]
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self(Union::Unit(()))
    }
}

impl Dynamic {
    /// Create a `Dynamic` from any type.  A `Dynamic` value is simply returned as is.
    ///
    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// This type uses some unsafe code, mainly for type casting.
    ///
    /// # Notes
    ///
    /// Beware that you need to pass in an `Array` type for it to be recognized as an `Array`.
    /// A `Vec<T>` does not get automatically converted to an `Array`, but will be a generic
    /// restricted trait object instead, because `Vec<T>` is not a supported standard type.
    ///
    /// Similarly, passing in a `HashMap<String, T>` will not get a `Map` but a trait object.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use rhai::Dynamic;
    ///
    /// let result = Dynamic::from(42_i64);
    /// assert_eq!(result.type_name(), "i64");
    /// assert_eq!(result.to_string(), "42");
    ///
    /// let result = Dynamic::from("hello");
    /// assert_eq!(result.type_name(), "string");
    /// assert_eq!(result.to_string(), "hello");
    ///
    /// let new_result = Dynamic::from(result);
    /// assert_eq!(new_result.type_name(), "string");
    /// assert_eq!(new_result.to_string(), "hello");
    /// ```
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn from<T: Variant + Clone>(value: T) -> Self {
        // Coded this way in order to maximally leverage potentials for dead-code removal.

        if TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<INT>() {
            return <dyn Any>::downcast_ref::<INT>(&value)
                .unwrap()
                .clone()
                .into();
        }
        #[cfg(not(feature = "no_float"))]
        if TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<FLOAT>() {
            return <dyn Any>::downcast_ref::<FLOAT>(&value)
                .unwrap()
                .clone()
                .into();
        }
        if TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<bool>() {
            return <dyn Any>::downcast_ref::<bool>(&value)
                .unwrap()
                .clone()
                .into();
        }
        if TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<char>() {
            return <dyn Any>::downcast_ref::<char>(&value)
                .unwrap()
                .clone()
                .into();
        }
        if TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<ImmutableString>() {
            return <dyn Any>::downcast_ref::<ImmutableString>(&value)
                .unwrap()
                .clone()
                .into();
        }
        if TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<&str>() {
            return <dyn Any>::downcast_ref::<&str>(&value)
                .unwrap()
                .to_string()
                .into();
        }
        if TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<()>() {
            return ().into();
        }

        let mut boxed = Box::new(value);

        boxed = match unsafe_cast_box::<_, Dynamic>(boxed) {
            Ok(d) => return *d,
            Err(val) => val,
        };
        boxed = match unsafe_cast_box::<_, String>(boxed) {
            Ok(s) => return (*s).into(),
            Err(val) => val,
        };
        #[cfg(not(feature = "no_index"))]
        {
            boxed = match unsafe_cast_box::<_, Array>(boxed) {
                Ok(array) => return (*array).into(),
                Err(val) => val,
            };
        }

        #[cfg(not(feature = "no_object"))]
        {
            boxed = match unsafe_cast_box::<_, Map>(boxed) {
                Ok(map) => return (*map).into(),
                Err(val) => val,
            }
        }

        boxed = match unsafe_cast_box::<_, FnPtr>(boxed) {
            Ok(fn_ptr) => return (*fn_ptr).into(),
            Err(val) => val,
        };

        #[cfg(not(feature = "no_std"))]
        {
            boxed = match unsafe_cast_box::<_, Instant>(boxed) {
                Ok(timestamp) => return (*timestamp).into(),
                Err(val) => val,
            }
        }

        Self(Union::Variant(Box::new(boxed)))
    }

    /// Turn the `Dynamic` value into a shared `Dynamic` value backed by an `Rc<RefCell<Dynamic>>`
    /// or `Arc<RwLock<Dynamic>>` depending on the `sync` feature.
    ///
    /// Shared `Dynamic` values are relatively cheap to clone as they simply increment the
    /// reference counts.
    ///
    /// Shared `Dynamic` values can be converted seamlessly to and from ordinary `Dynamic` values.
    ///
    /// If the `Dynamic` value is already shared, this method returns itself.
    ///
    /// # Panics
    ///
    /// Panics under the `no_closure` feature.
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn into_shared(self) -> Self {
        #[cfg(not(feature = "no_closure"))]
        return match self.0 {
            Union::Shared(..) => self,
            _ => Self(Union::Shared(Locked::new(self).into())),
        };

        #[cfg(feature = "no_closure")]
        panic!("converting into a shared value is not supported under 'no_closure'");
    }

    /// Convert the `Dynamic` value into specific type.
    ///
    /// Casting to a `Dynamic` just returns as is, but if it contains a shared value,
    /// it is cloned into a `Dynamic` with a normal value.
    ///
    /// Returns `None` if types mismatched.
    ///
    /// # Panics or Deadlocks
    ///
    /// Under the `sync` feature, this call may deadlock, or [panic](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.RwLock.html#panics-1).
    /// Otherwise, this call panics if the data is currently borrowed for write.
    ///
    /// These normally shouldn't occur since most operations in Rhai is single-threaded.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use rhai::Dynamic;
    ///
    /// let x = Dynamic::from(42_u32);
    ///
    /// assert_eq!(x.try_cast::<u32>().unwrap(), 42);
    /// ```
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn try_cast<T: Variant>(self) -> Option<T> {
        // Coded this way in order to maximally leverage potentials for dead-code removal.

        match self.0 {
            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_closure"))]
            #[cfg(not(feature = "sync"))]
            Union::Shared(cell) => return cell.borrow().clone().try_cast(),

            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_closure"))]
            #[cfg(feature = "sync")]
            Union::Shared(cell) => return cell.read().unwrap().clone().try_cast(),
            _ => (),
        }

        if TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<Dynamic>() {
            return unsafe_cast_box::<_, T>(Box::new(self)).ok().map(|v| *v);
        }

        if TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<INT>() {
            return match self.0 {
                Union::Int(value) => unsafe_try_cast(value),
                _ => None,
            };
        }

        #[cfg(not(feature = "no_float"))]
        if TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<FLOAT>() {
            return match self.0 {
                Union::Float(value) => unsafe_try_cast(value),
                _ => None,
            };
        }

        if TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<bool>() {
            return match self.0 {
                Union::Bool(value) => unsafe_try_cast(value),
                _ => None,
            };
        }

        if TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<ImmutableString>() {
            return match self.0 {
                Union::Str(value) => unsafe_try_cast(value),
                _ => None,
            };
        }

        if TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<String>() {
            return match self.0 {
                Union::Str(value) => unsafe_try_cast(value.into_owned()),
                _ => None,
            };
        }

        if TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<char>() {
            return match self.0 {
                Union::Char(value) => unsafe_try_cast(value),
                _ => None,
            };
        }

        #[cfg(not(feature = "no_index"))]
        if TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<Array>() {
            return match self.0 {
                Union::Array(value) => unsafe_cast_box::<_, T>(value).ok().map(|v| *v),
                _ => None,
            };
        }

        #[cfg(not(feature = "no_object"))]
        if TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<Map>() {
            return match self.0 {
                Union::Map(value) => unsafe_cast_box::<_, T>(value).ok().map(|v| *v),
                _ => None,
            };
        }

        if TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<FnPtr>() {
            return match self.0 {
                Union::FnPtr(value) => unsafe_cast_box::<_, T>(value).ok().map(|v| *v),
                _ => None,
            };
        }

        #[cfg(not(feature = "no_std"))]
        if TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<Instant>() {
            return match self.0 {
                Union::TimeStamp(value) => unsafe_cast_box::<_, T>(value).ok().map(|v| *v),
                _ => None,
            };
        }

        if TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<()>() {
            return match self.0 {
                Union::Unit(value) => unsafe_try_cast(value),
                _ => None,
            };
        }

        match self.0 {
            Union::Variant(value) => (*value).as_box_any().downcast().map(|x| *x).ok(),
            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_closure"))]
            Union::Shared(_) => unreachable!(),
            _ => None,
        }
    }

    /// Convert the `Dynamic` value into a specific type.
    ///
    /// Casting to a `Dynamic` just returns as is, but if it contains a shared value,
    /// it is cloned into a `Dynamic` with a normal value.
    ///
    /// Returns `None` if types mismatched.
    ///
    /// # Panics or Deadlocks
    ///
    /// Panics if the cast fails (e.g. the type of the actual value is not the
    /// same as the specified type).
    ///
    /// Under the `sync` feature, this call may deadlock, or [panic](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.RwLock.html#panics-1).
    /// Otherwise, this call panics if the data is currently borrowed for write.
    ///
    /// These normally shouldn't occur since most operations in Rhai is single-threaded.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use rhai::Dynamic;
    ///
    /// let x = Dynamic::from(42_u32);
    ///
    /// assert_eq!(x.cast::<u32>(), 42);
    /// ```
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn cast<T: Variant + Clone>(self) -> T {
        let self_type_name = if self.is_shared() {
            // Avoid panics/deadlocks with shared values
            "<shared>"
        } else {
            self.type_name()
        };

        self.try_cast::<T>().unwrap_or_else(|| {
            panic!(
                "cannot cast {} value and to {}",
                self_type_name,
                type_name::<T>()
            )
        })
    }

    /// Flatten the `Dynamic` and clone it.
    ///
    /// If the `Dynamic` is not a shared value, it returns a cloned copy.
    ///
    /// If the `Dynamic` is a shared value, it a cloned copy of the shared value.
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn flatten_clone(&self) -> Self {
        match &self.0 {
            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_closure"))]
            Union::Shared(cell) => {
                #[cfg(not(feature = "sync"))]
                return cell.borrow().clone();

                #[cfg(feature = "sync")]
                return cell.read().unwrap().clone();
            }
            _ => self.clone(),
        }
    }

    /// Flatten the `Dynamic`.
    ///
    /// If the `Dynamic` is not a shared value, it returns itself.
    ///
    /// If the `Dynamic` is a shared value, it returns the shared value if there are
    /// no outstanding references, or a cloned copy.
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn flatten(self) -> Self {
        match self.0 {
            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_closure"))]
            Union::Shared(cell) => shared_try_take(cell).map_or_else(
                |cell| {
                    #[cfg(not(feature = "sync"))]
                    return cell.borrow().clone();
                    #[cfg(feature = "sync")]
                    return cell.read().unwrap().clone();
                },
                |value| {
                    #[cfg(not(feature = "sync"))]
                    return value.into_inner();
                    #[cfg(feature = "sync")]
                    return value.into_inner().unwrap();
                },
            ),
            _ => self,
        }
    }

    /// Is the `Dynamic` a shared value that is locked?
    ///
    /// ## Note
    ///
    /// Under the `sync` feature, shared values use `RwLock` and they are never locked.
    /// Access just waits until the `RwLock` is released.
    /// So this method always returns `false` under `sync`.
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn is_locked(&self) -> bool {
        match self.0 {
            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_closure"))]
            Union::Shared(ref _cell) => {
                #[cfg(not(feature = "sync"))]
                return _cell.try_borrow().is_err();

                #[cfg(feature = "sync")]
                return false;
            }
            _ => false,
        }
    }

    /// Get a reference of a specific type to the `Dynamic`.
    /// Casting to `Dynamic` just returns a reference to it.
    ///
    /// Returns `None` if the cast fails.
    ///
    /// # Panics or Deadlocks When Value is Shared
    ///
    /// Under the `sync` feature, this call may deadlock, or [panic](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.RwLock.html#panics-1).
    /// Otherwise, this call panics if the data is currently borrowed for write.
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn read_lock<T: Variant + Clone>(&self) -> Option<DynamicReadLock<T>> {
        match self.0 {
            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_closure"))]
            Union::Shared(ref cell) => {
                #[cfg(not(feature = "sync"))]
                let data = cell.borrow();
                #[cfg(feature = "sync")]
                let data = cell.read().unwrap();

                let type_id = (*data).type_id();

                if type_id != TypeId::of::<T>() && TypeId::of::<Dynamic>() != TypeId::of::<T>() {
                    None
                } else {
                    Some(DynamicReadLock(DynamicReadLockInner::Guard(data)))
                }
            }
            _ => self
                .downcast_ref()
                .map(|r| DynamicReadLock(DynamicReadLockInner::Reference(r))),
        }
    }

    /// Get a mutable reference of a specific type to the `Dynamic`.
    /// Casting to `Dynamic` just returns a mutable reference to it.
    ///
    /// Returns `None` if the cast fails.
    ///
    /// # Panics or Deadlocks When Value is Shared
    ///
    /// Under the `sync` feature, this call may deadlock, or [panic](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.RwLock.html#panics-1).
    /// Otherwise, this call panics if the data is currently borrowed for write.
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn write_lock<T: Variant + Clone>(&mut self) -> Option<DynamicWriteLock<T>> {
        match self.0 {
            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_closure"))]
            Union::Shared(ref cell) => {
                #[cfg(not(feature = "sync"))]
                let data = cell.borrow_mut();
                #[cfg(feature = "sync")]
                let data = cell.write().unwrap();

                let type_id = (*data).type_id();

                if type_id != TypeId::of::<T>() && TypeId::of::<Dynamic>() != TypeId::of::<T>() {
                    None
                } else {
                    Some(DynamicWriteLock(DynamicWriteLockInner::Guard(data)))
                }
            }
            _ => self
                .downcast_mut()
                .map(|r| DynamicWriteLock(DynamicWriteLockInner::Reference(r))),
        }
    }

    /// Get a reference of a specific type to the `Dynamic`.
    /// Casting to `Dynamic` just returns a reference to it.
    ///
    /// Returns `None` if the cast fails, or if the value is shared.
    #[inline(always)]
    pub(crate) fn downcast_ref<T: Variant + Clone>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
        // Coded this way in order to maximally leverage potentials for dead-code removal.

        if TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<INT>() {
            return match &self.0 {
                Union::Int(value) => <dyn Any>::downcast_ref::<T>(value),
                _ => None,
            };
        }
        #[cfg(not(feature = "no_float"))]
        if TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<FLOAT>() {
            return match &self.0 {
                Union::Float(value) => <dyn Any>::downcast_ref::<T>(value),
                _ => None,
            };
        }
        if TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<bool>() {
            return match &self.0 {
                Union::Bool(value) => <dyn Any>::downcast_ref::<T>(value),
                _ => None,
            };
        }
        if TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<ImmutableString>() {
            return match &self.0 {
                Union::Str(value) => <dyn Any>::downcast_ref::<T>(value),
                _ => None,
            };
        }
        if TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<String>() {
            return match &self.0 {
                Union::Str(value) => <dyn Any>::downcast_ref::<T>(value.as_ref()),
                _ => None,
            };
        }
        if TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<char>() {
            return match &self.0 {
                Union::Char(value) => <dyn Any>::downcast_ref::<T>(value),
                _ => None,
            };
        }
        #[cfg(not(feature = "no_index"))]
        if TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<Array>() {
            return match &self.0 {
                Union::Array(value) => <dyn Any>::downcast_ref::<T>(value.as_ref()),
                _ => None,
            };
        }
        #[cfg(not(feature = "no_object"))]
        if TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<Map>() {
            return match &self.0 {
                Union::Map(value) => <dyn Any>::downcast_ref::<T>(value.as_ref()),
                _ => None,
            };
        }
        if TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<FnPtr>() {
            return match &self.0 {
                Union::FnPtr(value) => <dyn Any>::downcast_ref::<T>(value.as_ref()),
                _ => None,
            };
        }
        #[cfg(not(feature = "no_std"))]
        if TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<Instant>() {
            return match &self.0 {
                Union::TimeStamp(value) => <dyn Any>::downcast_ref::<T>(value.as_ref()),
                _ => None,
            };
        }
        if TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<()>() {
            return match &self.0 {
                Union::Unit(value) => <dyn Any>::downcast_ref::<T>(value),
                _ => None,
            };
        }
        if TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<Dynamic>() {
            return <dyn Any>::downcast_ref::<T>(self);
        }

        match &self.0 {
            Union::Variant(value) => value.as_ref().as_ref().as_any().downcast_ref::<T>(),
            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_closure"))]
            Union::Shared(_) => None,
            _ => None,
        }
    }

    /// Get a mutable reference of a specific type to the `Dynamic`.
    /// Casting to `Dynamic` just returns a mutable reference to it.
    ///
    /// Returns `None` if the cast fails, or if the value is shared.
    #[inline(always)]
    pub(crate) fn downcast_mut<T: Variant + Clone>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
        // Coded this way in order to maximally leverage potentials for dead-code removal.

        if TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<INT>() {
            return match &mut self.0 {
                Union::Int(value) => <dyn Any>::downcast_mut::<T>(value),
                _ => None,
            };
        }
        #[cfg(not(feature = "no_float"))]
        if TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<FLOAT>() {
            return match &mut self.0 {
                Union::Float(value) => <dyn Any>::downcast_mut::<T>(value),
                _ => None,
            };
        }
        if TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<bool>() {
            return match &mut self.0 {
                Union::Bool(value) => <dyn Any>::downcast_mut::<T>(value),
                _ => None,
            };
        }
        if TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<ImmutableString>() {
            return match &mut self.0 {
                Union::Str(value) => <dyn Any>::downcast_mut::<T>(value),
                _ => None,
            };
        }
        if TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<char>() {
            return match &mut self.0 {
                Union::Char(value) => <dyn Any>::downcast_mut::<T>(value),
                _ => None,
            };
        }
        #[cfg(not(feature = "no_index"))]
        if TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<Array>() {
            return match &mut self.0 {
                Union::Array(value) => <dyn Any>::downcast_mut::<T>(value.as_mut()),
                _ => None,
            };
        }
        #[cfg(not(feature = "no_object"))]
        if TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<Map>() {
            return match &mut self.0 {
                Union::Map(value) => <dyn Any>::downcast_mut::<T>(value.as_mut()),
                _ => None,
            };
        }
        if TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<FnPtr>() {
            return match &mut self.0 {
                Union::FnPtr(value) => <dyn Any>::downcast_mut::<T>(value.as_mut()),
                _ => None,
            };
        }
        #[cfg(not(feature = "no_std"))]
        if TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<Instant>() {
            return match &mut self.0 {
                Union::TimeStamp(value) => <dyn Any>::downcast_mut::<T>(value.as_mut()),
                _ => None,
            };
        }
        if TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<()>() {
            return match &mut self.0 {
                Union::Unit(value) => <dyn Any>::downcast_mut::<T>(value),
                _ => None,
            };
        }
        if TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<Dynamic>() {
            return <dyn Any>::downcast_mut::<T>(self);
        }

        match &mut self.0 {
            Union::Variant(value) => value.as_mut().as_mut_any().downcast_mut::<T>(),
            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_closure"))]
            Union::Shared(_) => None,
            _ => None,
        }
    }

    /// Cast the `Dynamic` as the system integer type `INT` and return it.
    /// Returns the name of the actual type if the cast fails.
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn as_int(&self) -> Result<INT, &'static str> {
        match self.0 {
            Union::Int(n) => Ok(n),
            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_closure"))]
            Union::Shared(_) => self.read_lock().map(|v| *v).ok_or_else(|| self.type_name()),
            _ => Err(self.type_name()),
        }
    }

    /// Cast the `Dynamic` as the system floating-point type `FLOAT` and return it.
    /// Returns the name of the actual type if the cast fails.
    #[cfg(not(feature = "no_float"))]
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn as_float(&self) -> Result<FLOAT, &'static str> {
        match self.0 {
            Union::Float(n) => Ok(n),
            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_closure"))]
            Union::Shared(_) => self.read_lock().map(|v| *v).ok_or_else(|| self.type_name()),
            _ => Err(self.type_name()),
        }
    }

    /// Cast the `Dynamic` as a `bool` and return it.
    /// Returns the name of the actual type if the cast fails.
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn as_bool(&self) -> Result<bool, &'static str> {
        match self.0 {
            Union::Bool(b) => Ok(b),
            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_closure"))]
            Union::Shared(_) => self.read_lock().map(|v| *v).ok_or_else(|| self.type_name()),
            _ => Err(self.type_name()),
        }
    }

    /// Cast the `Dynamic` as a `char` and return it.
    /// Returns the name of the actual type if the cast fails.
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn as_char(&self) -> Result<char, &'static str> {
        match self.0 {
            Union::Char(n) => Ok(n),
            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_closure"))]
            Union::Shared(_) => self.read_lock().map(|v| *v).ok_or_else(|| self.type_name()),
            _ => Err(self.type_name()),
        }
    }

    /// Cast the `Dynamic` as a string and return the string slice.
    /// Returns the name of the actual type if the cast fails.
    ///
    /// Cast is failing if `self` is Shared Dynamic
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn as_str(&self) -> Result<&str, &'static str> {
        match &self.0 {
            Union::Str(s) => Ok(s),
            Union::FnPtr(f) => Ok(f.fn_name()),
            _ => Err(self.type_name()),
        }
    }

    /// Convert the `Dynamic` into `String` and return it.
    /// If there are other references to the same string, a cloned copy is returned.
    /// Returns the name of the actual type if the cast fails.
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn take_string(self) -> Result<String, &'static str> {
        self.take_immutable_string()
            .map(ImmutableString::into_owned)
    }

    /// Convert the `Dynamic` into `ImmutableString` and return it.
    /// Returns the name of the actual type if the cast fails.
    #[inline]
    pub fn take_immutable_string(self) -> Result<ImmutableString, &'static str> {
        match self.0 {
            Union::Str(s) => Ok(s),
            Union::FnPtr(f) => Ok(f.take_data().0),
            #[cfg(not(feature = "no_closure"))]
            Union::Shared(cell) => {
                #[cfg(not(feature = "sync"))]
                {
                    let inner = cell.borrow();
                    match &inner.0 {
                        Union::Str(s) => Ok(s.clone()),
                        Union::FnPtr(f) => Ok(f.clone().take_data().0),
                        _ => Err((*inner).type_name()),
                    }
                }
                #[cfg(feature = "sync")]
                {
                    let inner = cell.read().unwrap();
                    match &inner.0 {
                        Union::Str(s) => Ok(s.clone()),
                        Union::FnPtr(f) => Ok(f.clone().take_data().0),
                        _ => Err((*inner).type_name()),
                    }
                }
            }
            _ => Err(self.type_name()),
        }
    }
}

impl From<()> for Dynamic {
    #[inline(always)]
    fn from(value: ()) -> Self {
        Self(Union::Unit(value))
    }
}
impl From<bool> for Dynamic {
    #[inline(always)]
    fn from(value: bool) -> Self {
        Self(Union::Bool(value))
    }
}
impl From<INT> for Dynamic {
    #[inline(always)]
    fn from(value: INT) -> Self {
        Self(Union::Int(value))
    }
}
#[cfg(not(feature = "no_float"))]
impl From<FLOAT> for Dynamic {
    #[inline(always)]
    fn from(value: FLOAT) -> Self {
        Self(Union::Float(value))
    }
}
impl From<char> for Dynamic {
    #[inline(always)]
    fn from(value: char) -> Self {
        Self(Union::Char(value))
    }
}
impl<S: Into<ImmutableString>> From<S> for Dynamic {
    #[inline(always)]
    fn from(value: S) -> Self {
        Self(Union::Str(value.into()))
    }
}
#[cfg(not(feature = "no_index"))]
impl<T: Variant + Clone> From<Vec<T>> for Dynamic {
    #[inline(always)]
    fn from(value: Vec<T>) -> Self {
        Self(Union::Array(Box::new(
            value.into_iter().map(Dynamic::from).collect(),
        )))
    }
}
#[cfg(not(feature = "no_index"))]
impl<T: Variant + Clone> From<&[T]> for Dynamic {
    #[inline(always)]
    fn from(value: &[T]) -> Self {
        Self(Union::Array(Box::new(
            value.iter().cloned().map(Dynamic::from).collect(),
        )))
    }
}
#[cfg(not(feature = "no_object"))]
impl<K: Into<ImmutableString>, T: Variant + Clone> From<HashMap<K, T>> for Dynamic {
    #[inline(always)]
    fn from(value: HashMap<K, T>) -> Self {
        Self(Union::Map(Box::new(
            value
                .into_iter()
                .map(|(k, v)| (k.into(), Dynamic::from(v)))
                .collect(),
        )))
    }
}
impl From<FnPtr> for Dynamic {
    #[inline(always)]
    fn from(value: FnPtr) -> Self {
        Self(Union::FnPtr(Box::new(value)))
    }
}
impl From<Box<FnPtr>> for Dynamic {
    #[inline(always)]
    fn from(value: Box<FnPtr>) -> Self {
        Self(Union::FnPtr(value))
    }
}
#[cfg(not(feature = "no_std"))]
impl From<Instant> for Dynamic {
    #[inline(always)]
    fn from(value: Instant) -> Self {
        Self(Union::TimeStamp(Box::new(value)))
    }
}