Merge pull request #265 from schungx/master

Add try-catch.

Cargo.toml

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ members = [
 
 [package]
 name = "rhai"
-version = "0.19.2"
+version = "0.19.3"
 edition = "2018"
 authors = ["Jonathan Turner", "Lukáš Hozda", "Stephen Chung", "jhwgh1968"]
 description = "Embedded scripting for Rust"

RELEASES.md

@@ -5,6 +5,9 @@ Rhai Release Notes
 Version 0.19.3
 ==============
 
+This version streamlines some of the advanced API's, and adds the `try` ... `catch` statement
+to catch exceptions.
+
 Breaking changes
 ----------------
 
@@ -17,6 +20,8 @@ New features
 ------------
 
 * The plugins system is enhanced to support functions taking a `NativeCallContext` as the first parameter.
+* `throw` statement can now throw any value instead of just text strings.
+* New `try` ... `catch` statement to catch exceptions.
 
 Enhancements
 ------------

codegen/src/attrs.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
-use syn::{parse::ParseStream, parse::Parser, spanned::Spanned};
+use syn::{
+    parse::{ParseStream, Parser},
+    spanned::Spanned,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub enum ExportScope {

codegen/src/function.rs

@@ -13,7 +13,10 @@ use std::format;
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 
 use quote::{quote, quote_spanned};
-use syn::{parse::Parse, parse::ParseStream, parse::Parser, spanned::Spanned};
+use syn::{
+    parse::{Parse, ParseStream, Parser},
+    spanned::Spanned,
+};
 
 use crate::attrs::{ExportInfo, ExportScope, ExportedParams};
 
@@ -360,7 +363,7 @@ impl Parse for ExportedFn {
             pass_context,
             return_dynamic,
             mut_receiver,
-            params: ExportedFnParams::default(),
+            params: Default::default(),
         })
     }
 }
@@ -466,13 +469,10 @@ impl ExportedFn {
         //
         // 1. Do not allow non-returning raw functions.
         //
-        if params.return_raw
+        if params.return_raw && self.return_type().is_none() {
-            && mem::discriminant(&self.signature.output)
-                == mem::discriminant(&syn::ReturnType::Default)
-        {
             return Err(syn::Error::new(
                 self.signature.span(),
-                "return_raw functions must return Result<T, Box<EvalAltResult>>",
+                "functions marked with 'return_raw' must return Result<Dynamic, Box<EvalAltResult>>",
             ));
         }
 
@@ -481,7 +481,7 @@ impl ExportedFn {
             FnSpecialAccess::Property(Property::Get(_)) if self.arg_count() != 1 => {
                 return Err(syn::Error::new(
                     self.signature.span(),
-                    "property getter requires exactly 1 argument",
+                    "property getter requires exactly 1 parameter",
                 ))
             }
             // 2b. Property getters must return a value.
@@ -495,7 +495,7 @@ impl ExportedFn {
             FnSpecialAccess::Property(Property::Set(_)) if self.arg_count() != 2 => {
                 return Err(syn::Error::new(
                     self.signature.span(),
-                    "property setter requires exactly 2 arguments",
+                    "property setter requires exactly 2 parameters",
                 ))
             }
             // 3b. Property setters must return nothing.
@@ -509,7 +509,7 @@ impl ExportedFn {
             FnSpecialAccess::Index(Index::Get) if self.arg_count() != 2 => {
                 return Err(syn::Error::new(
                     self.signature.span(),
-                    "index getter requires exactly 2 arguments",
+                    "index getter requires exactly 2 parameters",
                 ))
             }
             // 4b. Index getters must return a value.
@@ -523,7 +523,7 @@ impl ExportedFn {
             FnSpecialAccess::Index(Index::Set) if self.arg_count() != 3 => {
                 return Err(syn::Error::new(
                     self.signature.span(),
-                    "index setter requires exactly 3 arguments",
+                    "index setter requires exactly 3 parameters",
                 ))
             }
             // 5b. Index setters must return nothing.
@@ -593,19 +593,19 @@ impl ExportedFn {
         if self.params.return_raw {
             quote_spanned! { return_span=>
                 pub #dynamic_signature {
-                    super::#name(#(#arguments),*)
+                    #name(#(#arguments),*)
                 }
             }
         } else if self.return_dynamic {
             quote_spanned! { return_span=>
                 pub #dynamic_signature {
-                    Ok(super::#name(#(#arguments),*))
+                    Ok(#name(#(#arguments),*))
                 }
             }
         } else {
             quote_spanned! { return_span=>
                 pub #dynamic_signature {
-                    Ok(Dynamic::from(super::#name(#(#arguments),*)))
+                    Ok(Dynamic::from(#name(#(#arguments),*)))
                 }
             }
         }

codegen/src/test/function.rs

@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ mod generate_tests {
                     Token().input_types()
                 }
                 pub fn dynamic_result_fn() -> Result<Dynamic, Box<EvalAltResult> > {
-                    Ok(Dynamic::from(super::do_nothing()))
+                    Ok(Dynamic::from(do_nothing()))
                 }
             }
         };
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ mod generate_tests {
                     Token().input_types()
                 }
                 pub fn dynamic_result_fn(x: usize) -> Result<Dynamic, Box<EvalAltResult> > {
-                    Ok(Dynamic::from(super::do_something(x)))
+                    Ok(Dynamic::from(do_something(x)))
                 }
             }
         };
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ mod generate_tests {
                     Token().input_types()
                 }
                 pub fn dynamic_result_fn(context: NativeCallContext, x: usize) -> Result<Dynamic, Box<EvalAltResult> > {
-                    Ok(Dynamic::from(super::do_something(context, x)))
+                    Ok(Dynamic::from(do_something(context, x)))
                 }
             }
         };
@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ mod generate_tests {
                     Token().input_types()
                 }
                 pub fn dynamic_result_fn() -> Result<Dynamic, Box<EvalAltResult> > {
-                    Ok(super::return_dynamic())
+                    Ok(return_dynamic())
                 }
             }
         };
@@ -497,7 +497,7 @@ mod generate_tests {
                     Token().input_types()
                 }
                 pub fn dynamic_result_fn(x: usize, y: usize) -> Result<Dynamic, Box<EvalAltResult> > {
-                    Ok(Dynamic::from(super::add_together(x, y)))
+                    Ok(Dynamic::from(add_together(x, y)))
                 }
             }
         };
@@ -541,7 +541,7 @@ mod generate_tests {
                     Token().input_types()
                 }
                 pub fn dynamic_result_fn(x: &mut usize, y: usize) -> Result<Dynamic, Box<EvalAltResult> > {
-                    Ok(Dynamic::from(super::increment(x, y)))
+                    Ok(Dynamic::from(increment(x, y)))
                 }
             }
         };
@@ -584,7 +584,7 @@ mod generate_tests {
                     Token().input_types()
                 }
                 pub fn dynamic_result_fn(message: &str) -> Result<Dynamic, Box<EvalAltResult> > {
-                    Ok(Dynamic::from(super::special_print(message)))
+                    Ok(Dynamic::from(special_print(message)))
                 }
             }
         };

codegen/ui_tests/export_fn_raw_noreturn.stderr

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-error: return_raw functions must return Result<T, Box<EvalAltResult>>
+error: functions marked with 'return_raw' must return Result<Dynamic, Box<EvalAltResult>>
   --> $DIR/export_fn_raw_noreturn.rs:10:5
    |
 10 | pub fn test_fn(input: &mut Point) {

codegen/ui_tests/export_fn_raw_return.stderr

@@ -8,14 +8,3 @@ error[E0308]: mismatched types
    |
    = note: expected enum `std::result::Result<rhai::Dynamic, std::boxed::Box<rhai::EvalAltResult>>`
               found type `bool`
-
-error[E0308]: mismatched types
-  --> $DIR/export_fn_raw_return.rs:10:33
-   |
-9  | #[export_fn(return_raw)]
-   | ------------------------ expected `std::result::Result<rhai::Dynamic, std::boxed::Box<rhai::EvalAltResult>>` because of return type
-10 | pub fn test_fn(input: Point) -> bool {
-   |                                 ^^^^ expected enum `std::result::Result`, found `bool`
-   |
-   = note: expected enum `std::result::Result<rhai::Dynamic, std::boxed::Box<rhai::EvalAltResult>>`
-              found type `bool`

codegen/ui_tests/export_mod_raw_noreturn.stderr

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-error: return_raw functions must return Result<T, Box<EvalAltResult>>
+error: functions marked with 'return_raw' must return Result<Dynamic, Box<EvalAltResult>>
   --> $DIR/export_mod_raw_noreturn.rs:12:5
    |
 12 | pub fn test_fn(input: &mut Point) {

codegen/ui_tests/rhai_fn_getter_signature.stderr

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-error: property getter requires exactly 1 argument
+error: property getter requires exactly 1 parameter
   --> $DIR/rhai_fn_getter_signature.rs:13:9
    |
 13 |     pub fn test_fn(input: Point, value: bool) -> bool {

codegen/ui_tests/rhai_fn_index_getter_signature.stderr

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-error: index getter requires exactly 2 arguments
+error: index getter requires exactly 2 parameters
   --> $DIR/rhai_fn_index_getter_signature.rs:13:9
    |
 13 |     pub fn test_fn(input: Point) -> bool {

codegen/ui_tests/rhai_fn_setter_index_signature.stderr

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-error: index setter requires exactly 3 arguments
+error: index setter requires exactly 3 parameters
   --> $DIR/rhai_fn_setter_index_signature.rs:13:9
    |
 13 |     pub fn test_fn(input: Point) -> bool {

codegen/ui_tests/rhai_fn_setter_signature.stderr

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-error: property setter requires exactly 2 arguments
+error: property setter requires exactly 2 parameters
   --> $DIR/rhai_fn_setter_signature.rs:13:9
    |
 13 |     pub fn test_fn(input: Point) -> bool {

doc/src/SUMMARY.md

@@ -82,7 +82,8 @@ The Rhai Scripting Language
    12. [For Loop](language/for.md)
    13. [Return Values](language/return.md)
    14. [Throw Exception on Error](language/throw.md)
-   15. [Functions](language/functions.md)
+   15. [Catch Exceptions](language/try-catch.md)
+   16. [Functions](language/functions.md)
        1. [Call Method as Function](language/method.md)
        2. [Overloading](language/overload.md)
        3. [Namespaces](language/fn-namespaces.md)
@@ -90,11 +91,11 @@ The Rhai Scripting Language
        5. [Currying](language/fn-curry.md)
        6. [Anonymous Functions](language/fn-anon.md)
        7. [Closures](language/fn-closure.md)
-   16. [Print and Debug](language/print-debug.md)
+   17. [Print and Debug](language/print-debug.md)
-   17. [Modules](language/modules/index.md)
+   18. [Modules](language/modules/index.md)
        1. [Export Variables, Functions and Sub-Modules](language/modules/export.md)
        2. [Import Modules](language/modules/import.md)
-   18. [Eval Statement](language/eval.md)
+   19. [Eval Statement](language/eval.md)
 6. [Safety and Protection](safety/index.md)
    1. [Checked Arithmetic](safety/checked.md)
    2. [Sand-Boxing](safety/sandbox.md)

doc/src/appendix/keywords.md

@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ Keywords List
 |        `break`        | break out of loop iteration                 |                 |      no      |              |
 |       `return`        | return value                                |                 |      no      |              |
 |        `throw`        | throw exception                             |                 |      no      |              |
+|         `try`         | trap exception                              |                 |      no      |              |
+|        `catch`        | catch exception                             |                 |      no      |              |
 |       `import`        | import module                               |  [`no_module`]  |      no      |              |
 |       `export`        | export variable                             |  [`no_module`]  |      no      |              |
 |         `as`          | alias for variable export                   |  [`no_module`]  |      no      |              |
@@ -55,8 +57,6 @@ Reserved Keywords
 | `case`    | matching              |
 | `public`  | function/field access |
 | `new`     | constructor           |
-| `try`     | trap exception        |
-| `catch`   | catch exception       |
 | `use`     | import namespace      |
 | `with`    | scope                 |
 | `module`  | module                |

doc/src/context.json

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 {
-	"version": "0.19.2",
+	"version": "0.19.3",
 	"repoHome": "https://github.com/jonathandturner/rhai/blob/master",
 	"repoTree": "https://github.com/jonathandturner/rhai/tree/master",
 	"rootUrl": "",

doc/src/engine/custom-syntax.md

@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ where:
 * `context: &mut EvalContext` - mutable reference to the current evaluation _context_, exposing the following:
   * `context.scope: &mut Scope` - mutable reference to the current [`Scope`]; variables can be added to/removed from it.
   * `context.engine(): &Engine` - reference to the current [`Engine`].
-  * `context.namespace(): &Module` - reference to the current _global namespace_ (as a [module]) containing all script-defined functions.
+  * `context.iter_namespaces(): impl Iterator<Item = &Module>` - iterator of the namespaces (as [modules]) containing all script-defined functions.
   * `context.this_ptr(): Option<&Dynamic>` - reference to the current bound [`this`] pointer, if any.
   * `context.call_level(): usize` - the current nesting level of function calls.
 

doc/src/engine/var.md

@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ where:
 * `context: &EvalContext` - reference to the current evaluation _context_, which exposes the following fields:
   * `context.scope: &Scope` - reference to the current [`Scope`] containing all variables up to the current evaluation position.
   * `context.engine(): &Engine` - reference to the current [`Engine`].
-  * `context.namespace(): &Module` - reference to the current _global namespace_ (as a [module]) containing all script-defined functions.
+  * `context.iter_namespaces(): impl Iterator<Item = &Module>` - iterator of the namespaces (as [modules]) containing all script-defined functions.
   * `context.this_ptr(): Option<&Dynamic>` - reference to the current bound [`this`] pointer, if any.
   * `context.call_level(): usize` - the current nesting level of function calls.
 

doc/src/language/fn-ptr.md

@@ -199,9 +199,9 @@ fn call_fn_ptr_with_value(context: NativeCallContext, args: &mut [&mut Dynamic])
     -> Result<Dynamic, Box<EvalAltResult>>
 {
     // 'args' is guaranteed to contain enough arguments of the correct types
-    let fp = std::mem::take(args[1]).cast::<FnPtr>();       // 2nd argument - function pointer
+    let fp = std::mem::take(args[1]).cast::<FnPtr>();   // 2nd argument - function pointer
-    let value = args[2].clone();                            // 3rd argument - function argument
+    let value = args[2].clone();                        // 3rd argument - function argument
-    let this_ptr = args.get_mut(0).unwrap();                // 1st argument - this pointer
+    let this_ptr = args.get_mut(0).unwrap();            // 1st argument - this pointer
 
     // Use 'FnPtr::call_dynamic' to call the function pointer.
     // Beware, private script-defined functions will not be found.
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ let engine = Engine::new();
 let mut ast = engine.compile(
     r#"
         let test = "hello";
-        |x| test + x                // this creates an closure
+        |x| test + x            // this creates an closure
     "#,
 )?;
 
@@ -248,9 +248,13 @@ let fn_ptr = engine.eval_ast::<FnPtr>(&ast)?;
 // Get rid of the script, retaining only functions
 ast.retain_functions(|_, _, _| true);
 
-// Create native call context via a tuple containing the Engine and the
+// Create native call context via a tuple
-// set of script-defined functions (within the AST)
+let context =
-let context = (&engine, ast.as_ref()).into();
+        (
+            &engine,            // the 'Engine'
+            &[ast.as_ref()]     // function namespace from the 'AST'
+                                // as a one-element slice
+        ).into();
 
 // 'f' captures: the engine, the AST, and the closure
 let f = move |x: i64| fn_ptr.call_dynamic(context, None, [x.into()]);

doc/src/language/throw.md

@@ -10,24 +10,43 @@ To deliberately return an error during an evaluation, use the `throw` keyword.
 
 ```rust
 if some_bad_condition_has_happened {
-    throw error;    // 'throw' takes a string as the exception text
+    throw error;    // 'throw' any value as the exception
 }
 
-throw;              // defaults to empty exception text: ""
+throw;              // defaults to '()'
 ```
 
 Exceptions thrown via `throw` in the script can be captured in Rust by matching
-`Err(Box<EvalAltResult::ErrorRuntime(reason, position)>)` with the exception text
+`Err(Box<EvalAltResult::ErrorRuntime(value, position)>)` with the exception value
-captured by `reason`.
+captured by `value`.
 
 ```rust
 let result = engine.eval::<i64>(r#"
     let x = 42;
 
     if x > 0 {
-        throw x + " is too large!";
+        throw x;
     }
 "#);
 
-println!(result);   // prints "Runtime error: 42 is too large! (line 5, position 15)"
+println!("{}", result);     // prints "Runtime error: 42 (line 5, position 15)"
+```
+
+
+Catch a Thrown Exception
+------------------------
+
+It is possible to _catch_ an exception instead of having it abort the evaluation
+of the entire script via the [`try` ... `catch`]({{rootUrl}}/language/try-catch.md)
+statement common to many C-like languages.
+
+```rust
+try
+{
+    throw 42;
+}
+catch (err)         // 'err' captures the thrown exception value
+{
+    print(err);     // prints 42
+}
 ```

doc/src/language/try-catch.md

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+Catch Exceptions
+================
+
+{{#include ../links.md}}
+
+
+When an [exception] is thrown via a `throw` statement, evaluation of the script halts
+and the [`Engine`] returns with `Err(Box<EvalAltResult::ErrorRuntime>)` containing the
+exception value that has been thrown.
+
+It is possible, via the `try` ... `catch` statement, to _catch_ exceptions.
+
+```rust
+// Catch an exception and capturing its value
+try
+{
+    throw 42;
+}
+catch (err)         // 'err' captures the thrown exception value
+{
+    print(err);     // prints 42
+}
+
+// Catch an exception without capturing its value
+try
+{
+    print(42/0);    // deliberate divide-by-zero exception
+}
+catch               // no catch variable - exception value is discarded
+{
+    print("Ouch!");
+}
+
+// Exception in the 'catch' block
+try
+{
+    print(42/0);    // throw divide-by-zero exception
+}
+catch
+{
+    print("You seem to be dividing by zero here...");
+
+    throw "die";    // a 'throw' statement inside a 'catch' block
+                    // throws a new exception
+}
+```
+
+
+Re-Throw Exception
+------------------
+
+Like the `try` ... `catch` syntax in most languages, it is possible to _re-throw_
+an exception within the `catch` block simply by another `throw` statement without
+a value.
+
+
+```rust
+try
+{
+    // Call something that will throw an exception...
+    do_something_bad_that_throws();
+}
+catch
+{
+    print("Oooh! You've done something real bad!");
+
+    throw;          // 'throw' without a value within a 'catch' block
+                    // re-throws the original exception
+}
+
+```
+
+
+Catchable Exceptions
+--------------------
+
+Many script-oriented exceptions can be caught via `try` ... `catch`:
+
+* Runtime error thrown by a `throw` statement
+* Arithmetic error
+* Variable not found
+* [Function] not found
+* [Module] not found
+* Unbound [`this`]
+* Data type mismatch
+* [Array]/[string] indexing out-of-bounds
+* Indexing with an inappropriate type
+* `for` statement without an iterator
+* Error in an `in` expression
+* Data race detected
+* Assignment to a calculated value/constant value
+* Dot expression error
+
+
+Non-Catchable Exceptions
+------------------------
+
+Some exceptions _cannot_ be caught:
+
+* Syntax error during parsing
+* System error - e.g. script file not found
+* Script evaluation over [limits]({{rootUrl}}/safety/index.md)
+* [Stack overflow][maximum call stack depth]
+* Script evaluation manually terminated

doc/src/links.md

@@ -89,6 +89,8 @@
 [function overloading]: {{rootUrl}}/rust/functions.md#function-overloading
 [fallible function]: {{rootUrl}}/rust/fallible.md
 [fallible functions]: {{rootUrl}}/rust/fallible.md
+[exception]: {{rootUrl}}/language/throw.md
+[exceptions]: {{rootUrl}}/language/throw.md
 [function pointer]: {{rootUrl}}/language/fn-ptr.md
 [function pointers]: {{rootUrl}}/language/fn-ptr.md
 [currying]: {{rootUrl}}/language/fn-curry.md

doc/src/rust/register-raw.md

@@ -70,10 +70,8 @@ where:
 * `context: NativeCallContext` - the current _native call context_, which exposes the following:
 
   * `context.engine(): &Engine` - the current [`Engine`], with all configurations and settings.
-    This is sometimes useful for calling a script-defined function within the same evaluation context
+    This is sometimes useful for calling a script-defined function within the same evaluation context using [`Engine::call_fn`][`call_fn`], or calling a [function pointer].
-    using [`Engine::call_fn`][`call_fn`], or calling a [function pointer].
+  * `context.iter_namespaces(): impl Iterator<Item = &Module>` - iterator of the namespaces (as [modules]) containing all script-defined functions.
-
-  * `context.namespace(): &Module` - the global namespace of script-defined functions, as a [`Module`].
 
 * `args: &mut [&mut Dynamic]` - a slice containing `&mut` references to [`Dynamic`] values.
   The slice is guaranteed to contain enough arguments _of the correct types_.

doc/src/safety/max-call-stack.md

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Maximum Call Stack Depth
 Limit How Stack Usage by Scripts
 -------------------------------
 
-Rhai by default limits function calls to a maximum depth of 128 levels (12 levels in debug build).
+Rhai by default limits function calls to a maximum depth of 128 levels (8 levels in debug build).
 
 This limit may be changed via the `Engine::set_max_call_levels` method.
 

examples/repl.rs

@@ -29,18 +29,11 @@ fn print_error(input: &str, err: EvalAltResult) {
         // Specific position
         println!("{}{}", line_no, lines[pos.line().unwrap() - 1]);
 
-        let err_text = match err {
-            EvalAltResult::ErrorRuntime(err, _) if !err.is_empty() => {
-                format!("Runtime error: {}", err)
-            }
-            err => err.to_string(),
-        };
-
         println!(
             "{0:>1$} {2}",
             "^",
             line_no.len() + pos.position().unwrap(),
-            err_text.replace(&pos_text, "")
+            err.to_string().replace(&pos_text, "")
         );
     }
 }

examples/rhai_runner.rs

@@ -32,14 +32,7 @@ fn eprint_error(input: &str, err: EvalAltResult) {
         eprintln!("{}", err);
     } else {
         // Specific position
-        let err_text = match err {
+        eprint_line(&lines, pos, &err.to_string())
-            EvalAltResult::ErrorRuntime(err, _) if !err.is_empty() => {
-                format!("Runtime error: {}", err)
-            }
-            err => err.to_string(),
-        };
-
-        eprint_line(&lines, pos, &err_text)
     }
 }
 

src/api.rs

@@ -804,7 +804,7 @@ impl Engine {
     /// ```
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn compile(&self, script: &str) -> Result<AST, ParseError> {
-        self.compile_with_scope(&Scope::new(), script)
+        self.compile_with_scope(&Default::default(), script)
     }
 
     /// Compile a string into an `AST` using own scope, which can be used later for evaluation.
@@ -965,7 +965,7 @@ impl Engine {
     #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn compile_file(&self, path: PathBuf) -> Result<AST, Box<EvalAltResult>> {
-        self.compile_file_with_scope(&Scope::new(), path)
+        self.compile_file_with_scope(&Default::default(), path)
     }
 
     /// Compile a script file into an `AST` using own scope, which can be used later for evaluation.
@@ -1050,7 +1050,7 @@ impl Engine {
     /// ```
     #[cfg(not(feature = "no_object"))]
     pub fn parse_json(&self, json: &str, has_null: bool) -> Result<Map, Box<EvalAltResult>> {
-        let mut scope = Scope::new();
+        let mut scope = Default::default();
 
         // Trims the JSON string and add a '#' in front
         let json_text = json.trim_start();
@@ -1112,7 +1112,7 @@ impl Engine {
     /// ```
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn compile_expression(&self, script: &str) -> Result<AST, ParseError> {
-        self.compile_expression_with_scope(&Scope::new(), script)
+        self.compile_expression_with_scope(&Default::default(), script)
     }
 
     /// Compile a string containing an expression into an `AST` using own scope,
@@ -1236,7 +1236,7 @@ impl Engine {
     /// ```
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn eval<T: Variant + Clone>(&self, script: &str) -> Result<T, Box<EvalAltResult>> {
-        self.eval_with_scope(&mut Scope::new(), script)
+        self.eval_with_scope(&mut Default::default(), script)
     }
 
     /// Evaluate a string with own scope.
@@ -1294,7 +1294,7 @@ impl Engine {
         &self,
         script: &str,
     ) -> Result<T, Box<EvalAltResult>> {
-        self.eval_expression_with_scope(&mut Scope::new(), script)
+        self.eval_expression_with_scope(&mut Default::default(), script)
     }
 
     /// Evaluate a string containing an expression with own scope.
@@ -1350,7 +1350,7 @@ impl Engine {
     /// ```
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn eval_ast<T: Variant + Clone>(&self, ast: &AST) -> Result<T, Box<EvalAltResult>> {
-        self.eval_ast_with_scope(&mut Scope::new(), ast)
+        self.eval_ast_with_scope(&mut Default::default(), ast)
     }
 
     /// Evaluate an `AST` with own scope.
@@ -1388,7 +1388,7 @@ impl Engine {
         scope: &mut Scope,
         ast: &AST,
     ) -> Result<T, Box<EvalAltResult>> {
-        let mut mods = Imports::new();
+        let mut mods = Default::default();
         let (result, _) = self.eval_ast_with_scope_raw(scope, &mut mods, ast)?;
 
         let typ = self.map_type_name(result.type_name());
@@ -1404,26 +1404,14 @@ impl Engine {
     }
 
     /// Evaluate an `AST` with own scope.
-    #[inline]
+    #[inline(always)]
     pub(crate) fn eval_ast_with_scope_raw<'a>(
         &self,
         scope: &mut Scope,
         mods: &mut Imports,
         ast: &'a AST,
     ) -> Result<(Dynamic, u64), Box<EvalAltResult>> {
-        let mut state = State::new();
+        self.eval_statements(scope, mods, ast.statements(), &[ast.lib()])
-
-        ast.statements()
-            .iter()
-            .try_fold(().into(), |_, stmt| {
-                self.eval_stmt(scope, mods, &mut state, ast.lib(), &mut None, stmt, 0)
-            })
-            .or_else(|err| match *err {
-                EvalAltResult::Return(out, _) => Ok(out),
-                EvalAltResult::LoopBreak(_, _) => unreachable!(),
-                _ => Err(err),
-            })
-            .map(|v| (v, state.operations))
     }
 
     /// Evaluate a file, but throw away the result and only return error (if any).
@@ -1452,7 +1440,7 @@ impl Engine {
     /// Useful for when you don't need the result, but still need to keep track of possible errors.
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn consume(&self, script: &str) -> Result<(), Box<EvalAltResult>> {
-        self.consume_with_scope(&mut Scope::new(), script)
+        self.consume_with_scope(&mut Default::default(), script)
     }
 
     /// Evaluate a string with own scope, but throw away the result and only return error (if any).
@@ -1473,33 +1461,20 @@ impl Engine {
     /// Useful for when you don't need the result, but still need to keep track of possible errors.
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn consume_ast(&self, ast: &AST) -> Result<(), Box<EvalAltResult>> {
-        self.consume_ast_with_scope(&mut Scope::new(), ast)
+        self.consume_ast_with_scope(&mut Default::default(), ast)
     }
 
     /// Evaluate an `AST` with own scope, but throw away the result and only return error (if any).
     /// Useful for when you don't need the result, but still need to keep track of possible errors.
-    #[inline]
+    #[inline(always)]
     pub fn consume_ast_with_scope(
         &self,
         scope: &mut Scope,
         ast: &AST,
     ) -> Result<(), Box<EvalAltResult>> {
-        let mut state = State::new();
         let mut mods = Default::default();
-
+        self.eval_statements(scope, &mut mods, ast.statements(), &[ast.lib()])
-        ast.statements()
+            .map(|_| ())
-            .iter()
-            .try_fold(().into(), |_, stmt| {
-                self.eval_stmt(scope, &mut mods, &mut state, ast.lib(), &mut None, stmt, 0)
-            })
-            .map_or_else(
-                |err| match *err {
-                    EvalAltResult::Return(_, _) => Ok(()),
-                    EvalAltResult::LoopBreak(_, _) => unreachable!(),
-                    _ => Err(err),
-                },
-                |_| Ok(()),
-            )
     }
 
     /// Call a script function defined in an `AST` with multiple arguments.
@@ -1651,14 +1626,23 @@ impl Engine {
             .ok_or_else(|| EvalAltResult::ErrorFunctionNotFound(name.into(), Position::none()))?;
 
         let mut state = State::new();
-        let mut mods = Imports::new();
+        let mut mods = Default::default();
 
         // Check for data race.
         if cfg!(not(feature = "no_closure")) {
             ensure_no_data_race(name, args, false)?;
         }
 
-        self.call_script_fn(scope, &mut mods, &mut state, lib, this_ptr, fn_def, args, 0)
+        self.call_script_fn(
+            scope,
+            &mut mods,
+            &mut state,
+            &[lib],
+            this_ptr,
+            fn_def,
+            args,
+            0,
+        )
     }
 
     /// Optimize the `AST` with constants defined in an external Scope.

src/engine.rs

@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ pub type Imports = Vec<(ImmutableString, Module)>;
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "unchecked"))]
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-pub const MAX_CALL_STACK_DEPTH: usize = 12;
+pub const MAX_CALL_STACK_DEPTH: usize = 8;
 #[cfg(not(feature = "unchecked"))]
 #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
 pub const MAX_EXPR_DEPTH: usize = 32;
@@ -441,17 +441,17 @@ pub struct Limits {
 
 /// Context of a script evaluation process.
 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct EvalContext<'e, 'x, 'px: 'x, 'a, 's, 'm, 't, 'pt: 't> {
+pub struct EvalContext<'e, 'x, 'px: 'x, 'a, 's, 'm, 'pm: 'm, 't, 'pt: 't> {
-    engine: &'e Engine,
+    pub(crate) engine: &'e Engine,
     pub scope: &'x mut Scope<'px>,
     pub(crate) mods: &'a mut Imports,
     pub(crate) state: &'s mut State,
-    lib: &'m Module,
+    pub(crate) lib: &'m [&'pm Module],
     pub(crate) this_ptr: &'t mut Option<&'pt mut Dynamic>,
-    level: usize,
+    pub(crate) level: usize,
 }
 
-impl<'e, 'x, 'px, 'a, 's, 'm, 't, 'pt> EvalContext<'e, 'x, 'px, 'a, 's, 'm, 't, 'pt> {
+impl<'e, 'x, 'px, 'a, 's, 'm, 'pm, 't, 'pt> EvalContext<'e, 'x, 'px, 'a, 's, 'm, 'pm, 't, 'pt> {
     /// The current `Engine`.
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn engine(&self) -> &'e Engine {
@@ -465,10 +465,10 @@ impl<'e, 'x, 'px, 'a, 's, 'm, 't, 'pt> EvalContext<'e, 'x, 'px, 'a, 's, 'm, 't,
     pub fn imports(&self) -> &'a Imports {
         self.mods
     }
-    /// The global namespace containing definition of all script-defined functions.
+    /// Get an iterator over the namespaces containing definition of all script-defined functions.
     #[inline(always)]
-    pub fn namespace(&self) -> &'m Module {
+    pub fn iter_namespaces(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'pm Module> + 'm {
-        self.lib
+        self.lib.iter().cloned()
     }
     /// The current bound `this` pointer, if any.
     #[inline(always)]
@@ -757,7 +757,7 @@ impl Engine {
         scope: &'s mut Scope,
         mods: &'s mut Imports,
         state: &mut State,
-        lib: &Module,
+        lib: &[&Module],
         this_ptr: &'s mut Option<&mut Dynamic>,
         expr: &'a Expr,
     ) -> Result<(Target<'s>, &'a str, ScopeEntryType, Position), Box<EvalAltResult>> {
@@ -792,7 +792,7 @@ impl Engine {
         scope: &'s mut Scope,
         mods: &mut Imports,
         state: &mut State,
-        lib: &Module,
+        lib: &[&Module],
         this_ptr: &'s mut Option<&mut Dynamic>,
         expr: &'a Expr,
     ) -> Result<(Target<'s>, &'a str, ScopeEntryType, Position), Box<EvalAltResult>> {
@@ -862,7 +862,7 @@ impl Engine {
     fn eval_dot_index_chain_helper(
         &self,
         state: &mut State,
-        lib: &Module,
+        lib: &[&Module],
         this_ptr: &mut Option<&mut Dynamic>,
         target: &mut Target,
         rhs: &Expr,
@@ -1155,7 +1155,7 @@ impl Engine {
         scope: &mut Scope,
         mods: &mut Imports,
         state: &mut State,
-        lib: &Module,
+        lib: &[&Module],
         this_ptr: &mut Option<&mut Dynamic>,
         expr: &Expr,
         level: usize,
@@ -1234,7 +1234,7 @@ impl Engine {
         scope: &mut Scope,
         mods: &mut Imports,
         state: &mut State,
-        lib: &Module,
+        lib: &[&Module],
         this_ptr: &mut Option<&mut Dynamic>,
         expr: &Expr,
         chain_type: ChainType,
@@ -1305,7 +1305,7 @@ impl Engine {
     fn get_indexed_mut<'a>(
         &self,
         state: &mut State,
-        _lib: &Module,
+        _lib: &[&Module],
         target: &'a mut Target,
         idx: Dynamic,
         idx_pos: Position,
@@ -1414,7 +1414,7 @@ impl Engine {
         scope: &mut Scope,
         mods: &mut Imports,
         state: &mut State,
-        lib: &Module,
+        lib: &[&Module],
         this_ptr: &mut Option<&mut Dynamic>,
         lhs: &Expr,
         rhs: &Expr,
@@ -1477,7 +1477,7 @@ impl Engine {
         scope: &mut Scope,
         mods: &mut Imports,
         state: &mut State,
-        lib: &Module,
+        lib: &[&Module],
         this_ptr: &mut Option<&mut Dynamic>,
         expr: &Expr,
         level: usize,
@@ -1786,7 +1786,7 @@ impl Engine {
         scope: &mut Scope,
         mods: &mut Imports,
         state: &mut State,
-        lib: &Module,
+        lib: &[&Module],
         this_ptr: &mut Option<&mut Dynamic>,
         stmt: &Stmt,
         level: usize,
@@ -1932,6 +1932,63 @@ impl Engine {
             // Break statement
             Stmt::Break(pos) => EvalAltResult::LoopBreak(true, *pos).into(),
 
+            // Try/Catch statement
+            Stmt::TryCatch(x) => {
+                let ((body, _), var_def, (catch_body, _)) = x.as_ref();
+
+                let result = self
+                    .eval_stmt(scope, mods, state, lib, this_ptr, body, level)
+                    .map(|_| ().into());
+
+                if let Err(err) = result {
+                    match *err {
+                        mut err @ EvalAltResult::ErrorRuntime(_, _) | mut err
+                            if err.catchable() =>
+                        {
+                            let value = match err {
+                                EvalAltResult::ErrorRuntime(ref x, _) => x.clone(),
+                                _ => {
+                                    err.set_position(Position::none());
+                                    err.to_string().into()
+                                }
+                            };
+                            let has_var = if let Some((var_name, _)) = var_def {
+                                let var_name = unsafe_cast_var_name_to_lifetime(var_name, &state);
+                                scope.push(var_name, value);
+                                state.scope_level += 1;
+                                true
+                            } else {
+                                false
+                            };
+
+                            let mut result = self
+                                .eval_stmt(scope, mods, state, lib, this_ptr, catch_body, level)
+                                .map(|_| ().into());
+
+                            if let Some(result_err) = result.as_ref().err() {
+                                match result_err.as_ref() {
+                                    EvalAltResult::ErrorRuntime(x, pos) if x.is::<()>() => {
+                                        err.set_position(*pos);
+                                        result = Err(Box::new(err));
+                                    }
+                                    _ => (),
+                                }
+                            }
+
+                            if has_var {
+                                scope.rewind(scope.len() - 1);
+                                state.scope_level -= 1;
+                            }
+
+                            result
+                        }
+                        _ => Err(err),
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    result
+                }
+            }
+
             // Return value
             Stmt::ReturnWithVal(x) if x.1.is_some() && (x.0).0 == ReturnType::Return => {
                 let expr = x.1.as_ref().unwrap();
@@ -1951,16 +2008,12 @@ impl Engine {
             Stmt::ReturnWithVal(x) if x.1.is_some() && (x.0).0 == ReturnType::Exception => {
                 let expr = x.1.as_ref().unwrap();
                 let val = self.eval_expr(scope, mods, state, lib, this_ptr, expr, level)?;
-                EvalAltResult::ErrorRuntime(
+                EvalAltResult::ErrorRuntime(val, (x.0).1).into()
-                    val.take_string().unwrap_or_else(|_| "".into()),
-                    (x.0).1,
-                )
-                .into()
             }
 
             // Empty throw
             Stmt::ReturnWithVal(x) if (x.0).0 == ReturnType::Exception => {
-                EvalAltResult::ErrorRuntime("".into(), (x.0).1).into()
+                EvalAltResult::ErrorRuntime(().into(), (x.0).1).into()
             }
 
             Stmt::ReturnWithVal(_) => unreachable!(),

src/error.rs

@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ pub enum ParseErrorType {
     ///
     /// Never appears under the `no_object` feature.
     PropertyExpected,
-    /// Missing a variable name after the `let`, `const` or `for` keywords.
+    /// Missing a variable name after the `let`, `const`, `for` or `catch` keywords.
     VariableExpected,
     /// An identifier is a reserved keyword.
     Reserved(String),

src/fn_call.rs

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use crate::error::ParseErrorType;
 use crate::fn_native::{FnCallArgs, FnPtr};
 use crate::module::{Module, ModuleRef};
 use crate::optimize::OptimizationLevel;
-use crate::parser::{Expr, ImmutableString, AST, INT};
+use crate::parser::{Expr, ImmutableString, Stmt, INT};
 use crate::result::EvalAltResult;
 use crate::scope::Scope;
 use crate::stdlib::ops::Deref;
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ impl Engine {
     pub(crate) fn call_native_fn(
         &self,
         state: &mut State,
-        lib: &Module,
+        lib: &[&Module],
         fn_name: &str,
         hash_fn: u64,
         args: &mut FnCallArgs,
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ impl Engine {
         scope: &mut Scope,
         mods: &mut Imports,
         state: &mut State,
-        lib: &Module,
+        lib: &[&Module],
         this_ptr: &mut Option<&mut Dynamic>,
         fn_def: &ScriptFnDef,
         args: &mut FnCallArgs,
@@ -382,17 +382,15 @@ impl Engine {
         );
 
         // Merge in encapsulated environment, if any
-        let mut lib_merged;
+        let mut lib_merged: StaticVec<_>;
 
         let unified_lib = if let Some(ref env_lib) = fn_def.lib {
-            if lib.is_empty() {
+            lib_merged = Default::default();
-                // In the special case of the main script not defining any function
+            lib_merged.push(env_lib.as_ref());
-                env_lib
+            if !lib.is_empty() {
-            } else {
+                lib_merged.extend(lib.iter().cloned());
-                lib_merged = lib.clone();
-                lib_merged.merge(env_lib);
-                &lib_merged
             }
+            lib_merged.as_ref()
         } else {
             lib
         };
@@ -433,7 +431,7 @@ impl Engine {
     #[inline]
     pub(crate) fn has_override_by_name_and_arguments(
         &self,
-        lib: &Module,
+        lib: &[&Module],
         name: &str,
         arg_types: impl AsRef<[TypeId]>,
         pub_only: bool,
@@ -456,7 +454,7 @@ impl Engine {
     #[inline(always)]
     pub(crate) fn has_override(
         &self,
-        lib: &Module,
+        lib: &[&Module],
         hash_fn: u64,
         hash_script: u64,
         pub_only: bool,
@@ -464,8 +462,8 @@ impl Engine {
         // NOTE: We skip script functions for global_module and packages, and native functions for lib
 
         // First check script-defined functions
-        lib.contains_fn(hash_script, pub_only)
+        lib.iter().any(|&m| m.contains_fn(hash_script, pub_only))
-            //|| lib.contains_fn(hash_fn, pub_only)
+            //|| lib.iter().any(|&m| m.contains_fn(hash_fn, pub_only))
             // Then check registered functions
             //|| self.global_module.contains_fn(hash_script, pub_only)
             || self.global_module.contains_fn(hash_fn, pub_only)
@@ -485,7 +483,7 @@ impl Engine {
     pub(crate) fn exec_fn_call(
         &self,
         state: &mut State,
-        lib: &Module,
+        lib: &[&Module],
         fn_name: &str,
         hash_script: u64,
         args: &mut FnCallArgs,
@@ -535,7 +533,8 @@ impl Engine {
                     format!(
                         "'{}' should not be called in method style. Try {}(...);",
                         fn_name, fn_name
-                    ),
+                    )
+                    .into(),
                     Position::none(),
                 )
                 .into()
@@ -543,13 +542,14 @@ impl Engine {
 
             // Script-like function found
             #[cfg(not(feature = "no_function"))]
-            _ if lib.contains_fn(hash_script, pub_only)
+            _ if lib.iter().any(|&m| m.contains_fn(hash_script, pub_only))
                 //|| self.global_module.contains_fn(hash_script, pub_only)
                 || self.packages.contains_fn(hash_script, pub_only) =>
             {
                 // Get function
                 let func = lib
-                    .get_fn(hash_script, pub_only)
+                    .iter()
+                    .find_map(|&m| m.get_fn(hash_script, pub_only))
                     //.or_else(|| self.global_module.get_fn(hash_script, pub_only))
                     .or_else(|| self.packages.get_fn(hash_script, pub_only))
                     .unwrap();
@@ -557,8 +557,8 @@ impl Engine {
                 if func.is_script() {
                     let func = func.get_fn_def();
 
-                    let scope = &mut Scope::new();
+                    let scope: &mut Scope = &mut Default::default();
-                    let mods = &mut Imports::new();
+                    let mods = &mut Default::default();
 
                     // Move captured variables into scope
                     #[cfg(not(feature = "no_closure"))]
@@ -634,6 +634,30 @@ impl Engine {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Evaluate a list of statements.
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn eval_statements<'a>(
+        &self,
+        scope: &mut Scope,
+        mods: &mut Imports,
+        statements: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'a Stmt>,
+        lib: &[&Module],
+    ) -> Result<(Dynamic, u64), Box<EvalAltResult>> {
+        let mut state = State::new();
+
+        statements
+            .into_iter()
+            .try_fold(().into(), |_, stmt| {
+                self.eval_stmt(scope, mods, &mut state, lib, &mut None, stmt, 0)
+            })
+            .or_else(|err| match *err {
+                EvalAltResult::Return(out, _) => Ok(out),
+                EvalAltResult::LoopBreak(_, _) => unreachable!(),
+                _ => Err(err),
+            })
+            .map(|v| (v, state.operations))
+    }
+
     /// Evaluate a text string as a script - used primarily for 'eval'.
     /// Position in `EvalAltResult` is `None` and must be set afterwards.
     fn eval_script_expr(
@@ -641,7 +665,7 @@ impl Engine {
         scope: &mut Scope,
         mods: &mut Imports,
         state: &mut State,
-        lib: &Module,
+        lib: &[&Module],
         script: &str,
         _level: usize,
     ) -> Result<Dynamic, Box<EvalAltResult>> {
@@ -658,8 +682,8 @@ impl Engine {
 
         // Compile the script text
         // No optimizations because we only run it once
-        let mut ast = self.compile_with_scope_and_optimization_level(
+        let ast = self.compile_with_scope_and_optimization_level(
-            &Scope::new(),
+            &Default::default(),
             &[script],
             OptimizationLevel::None,
         )?;
@@ -669,11 +693,8 @@ impl Engine {
             return Err(ParseErrorType::WrongFnDefinition.into());
         }
 
-        let statements = mem::take(ast.statements_mut());
-        let ast = AST::new(statements, lib.clone());
-
         // Evaluate the AST
-        let (result, operations) = self.eval_ast_with_scope_raw(scope, mods, &ast)?;
+        let (result, operations) = self.eval_statements(scope, mods, ast.statements(), lib)?;
 
         state.operations += operations;
         self.inc_operations(state)?;
@@ -687,7 +708,7 @@ impl Engine {
     pub(crate) fn make_method_call(
         &self,
         state: &mut State,
-        lib: &Module,
+        lib: &[&Module],
         name: &str,
         hash_script: u64,
         target: &mut Target,
@@ -839,7 +860,7 @@ impl Engine {
         scope: &mut Scope,
         mods: &mut Imports,
         state: &mut State,
-        lib: &Module,
+        lib: &[&Module],
         this_ptr: &mut Option<&mut Dynamic>,
         name: &str,
         args_expr: impl AsRef<[Expr]>,
@@ -984,7 +1005,7 @@ impl Engine {
                     return Ok(false.into());
                 } else {
                     let hash = calc_fn_hash(empty(), fn_name, num_params as usize, empty());
-                    return Ok(lib.contains_fn(hash, false).into());
+                    return Ok(lib.iter().any(|&m| m.contains_fn(hash, false)).into());
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -1085,7 +1106,7 @@ impl Engine {
         scope: &mut Scope,
         mods: &mut Imports,
         state: &mut State,
-        lib: &Module,
+        lib: &[&Module],
         this_ptr: &mut Option<&mut Dynamic>,
         modules: &Option<Box<ModuleRef>>,
         name: &str,
@@ -1186,8 +1207,8 @@ impl Engine {
                 let args = args.as_mut();
                 let fn_def = f.get_fn_def();
 
-                let new_scope = &mut Scope::new();
+                let new_scope = &mut Default::default();
-                let mods = &mut Imports::new();
+                let mods = &mut Default::default();
 
                 self.call_script_fn(new_scope, mods, state, lib, &mut None, fn_def, args, level)
             }

src/fn_native.rs

@@ -50,30 +50,32 @@ pub type Locked<T> = RwLock<T>;
 
 /// Context of native Rust function call.
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
-pub struct NativeCallContext<'e, 'm> {
+pub struct NativeCallContext<'e, 'm, 'pm: 'm> {
     engine: &'e Engine,
-    lib: &'m Module,
+    lib: &'m [&'pm Module],
 }
 
-impl<'e, 'm> From<(&'e Engine, &'m Module)> for NativeCallContext<'e, 'm> {
+impl<'e, 'm, 'pm: 'm, M: AsRef<[&'pm Module]> + ?Sized> From<(&'e Engine, &'m M)>
-    fn from(value: (&'e Engine, &'m Module)) -> Self {
+    for NativeCallContext<'e, 'm, 'pm>
+{
+    fn from(value: (&'e Engine, &'m M)) -> Self {
         Self {
             engine: value.0,
-            lib: value.1,
+            lib: value.1.as_ref(),
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl<'e, 'm> NativeCallContext<'e, 'm> {
+impl<'e, 'm, 'pm> NativeCallContext<'e, 'm, 'pm> {
     /// The current `Engine`.
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn engine(&self) -> &'e Engine {
         self.engine
     }
-    /// The global namespace containing definition of all script-defined functions.
+    /// Get an iterator over the namespaces containing definition of all script-defined functions.
     #[inline(always)]
-    pub fn namespace(&self) -> &'m Module {
+    pub fn iter_namespaces(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'pm Module> + 'm {
-        self.lib
+        self.lib.iter().cloned()
     }
 }
 
@@ -184,7 +186,7 @@ impl FnPtr {
             .engine()
             .exec_fn_call(
                 &mut Default::default(),
-                context.namespace(),
+                context.lib,
                 fn_name,
                 hash_script,
                 args.as_mut(),

src/optimize.rs

@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ struct State<'a> {
     /// An `Engine` instance for eager function evaluation.
     engine: &'a Engine,
     /// Library of script-defined functions.
-    lib: &'a Module,
+    lib: &'a [&'a Module],
     /// Optimization level.
     optimization_level: OptimizationLevel,
 }
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ struct State<'a> {
 impl<'a> State<'a> {
     /// Create a new State.
     #[inline(always)]
-    pub fn new(engine: &'a Engine, lib: &'a Module, level: OptimizationLevel) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(engine: &'a Engine, lib: &'a [&'a Module], level: OptimizationLevel) -> Self {
         Self {
             changed: false,
             constants: vec![],
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ fn optimize_stmt(stmt: Stmt, state: &mut State, preserve_result: bool) -> Stmt {
         ))),
         // let id;
         stmt @ Stmt::Let(_) => stmt,
-        // import expr as id;
+        // import expr as var;
         #[cfg(not(feature = "no_module"))]
         Stmt::Import(x) => Stmt::Import(Box::new((optimize_expr(x.0, state), x.1, x.2))),
         // { block }
@@ -389,6 +389,22 @@ fn optimize_stmt(stmt: Stmt, state: &mut State, preserve_result: bool) -> Stmt {
                 _ => Stmt::Block(Box::new((result.into(), pos))),
             }
         }
+        // try { block } catch ( var ) { block }
+        Stmt::TryCatch(x) if (x.0).0.is_pure() => {
+            // If try block is pure, there will never be any exceptions
+            state.set_dirty();
+            let pos = (x.0).0.position();
+            let mut statements: StaticVec<_> = Default::default();
+            statements.push(optimize_stmt((x.0).0, state, preserve_result));
+            statements.push(Stmt::Noop(pos));
+            Stmt::Block(Box::new((statements, pos)))
+        }
+        // try { block } catch ( var ) { block }
+        Stmt::TryCatch(x) => Stmt::TryCatch(Box::new((
+            (optimize_stmt((x.0).0, state, false), (x.0).1),
+            x.1,
+            (optimize_stmt((x.2).0, state, false), (x.2).1),
+        ))),
         // expr;
         Stmt::Expr(expr) => Stmt::Expr(Box::new(optimize_expr(*expr, state))),
         // return expr;
@@ -615,7 +631,7 @@ fn optimize_expr(expr: Expr, state: &mut State) -> Expr {
 
             // First search for script-defined functions (can override built-in)
             #[cfg(not(feature = "no_function"))]
-            let has_script_fn = state.lib.get_script_fn(name, args.len(), false).is_some();
+            let has_script_fn = state.lib.iter().any(|&m| m.get_script_fn(name, args.len(), false).is_some());
             #[cfg(feature = "no_function")]
             let has_script_fn = false;
 
@@ -686,7 +702,7 @@ fn optimize(
     statements: Vec<Stmt>,
     engine: &Engine,
     scope: &Scope,
-    lib: &Module,
+    lib: &[&Module],
     level: OptimizationLevel,
 ) -> Vec<Stmt> {
     // If optimization level is None then skip optimizing
@@ -837,7 +853,8 @@ pub fn optimize_into_ast(
                     let pos = fn_def.body.position();
 
                     // Optimize the function body
-                    let mut body = optimize(vec![fn_def.body], engine, &Scope::new(), &lib2, level);
+                    let mut body =
+                        optimize(vec![fn_def.body], engine, &Scope::new(), &[&lib2], level);
 
                     // {} -> Noop
                     fn_def.body = match body.pop().unwrap_or_else(|| Stmt::Noop(pos)) {
@@ -877,7 +894,7 @@ pub fn optimize_into_ast(
         match level {
             OptimizationLevel::None => statements,
             OptimizationLevel::Simple | OptimizationLevel::Full => {
-                optimize(statements, engine, &scope, &lib, level)
+                optimize(statements, engine, &scope, &[&lib], level)
             }
         },
         lib,

src/packages/iter_basic.rs

@@ -45,21 +45,31 @@ where
     Ok(StepRange::<T>(from, to, step))
 }
 
+macro_rules! reg_range {
+    ($lib:expr, $x:expr, $( $y:ty ),*) => (
+        $(
+            $lib.set_iterator::<Range<$y>>();
+            $lib.set_fn_2($x, get_range::<$y>);
+        )*
+    )
+}
+
+macro_rules! reg_step {
+    ($lib:expr, $x:expr, $( $y:ty ),*) => (
+        $(
+            $lib.set_iterator::<StepRange<$y>>();
+            $lib.set_fn_3($x, get_step_range::<$y>);
+        )*
+    )
+}
+
 def_package!(crate:BasicIteratorPackage:"Basic range iterators.", lib, {
     lib.set_iterator::<Range<INT>>();
-
     lib.set_fn_2("range", get_range::<INT>);
 
-    if cfg!(not(feature = "only_i32")) && cfg!(not(feature = "only_i64")) {
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "only_i32"))]
-        macro_rules! reg_range {
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "only_i64"))]
-            ($lib:expr, $x:expr, $( $y:ty ),*) => (
+    {
-                $(
-                    $lib.set_iterator::<Range<$y>>();
-                    $lib.set_fn_2($x, get_range::<$y>);
-                )*
-            )
-        }
-
         reg_range!(lib, "range", i8, u8, i16, u16, i32, i64, u32, u64);
 
         if cfg!(not(target_arch = "wasm32")) {
@@ -70,16 +80,9 @@ def_package!(crate:BasicIteratorPackage:"Basic range iterators.", lib, {
     lib.set_iterator::<StepRange<INT>>();
     lib.set_fn_3("range", get_step_range::<INT>);
 
-    if cfg!(not(feature = "only_i32")) && cfg!(not(feature = "only_i64")) {
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "only_i32"))]
-        macro_rules! reg_step {
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "only_i64"))]
-            ($lib:expr, $x:expr, $( $y:ty ),*) => (
+    {
-                $(
-                    $lib.set_iterator::<StepRange<$y>>();
-                    $lib.set_fn_3($x, get_step_range::<$y>);
-                )*
-            )
-        }
-
         reg_step!(lib, "range", i8, u8, i16, u16, i32, i64, u32, u64);
 
         if cfg!(not(target_arch = "wasm32")) {

src/packages/math_basic.rs

@@ -45,6 +45,20 @@ macro_rules! reg_functions {
 }
 
 def_package!(crate:BasicMathPackage:"Basic mathematic functions.", lib, {
+    // Integer functions
+    combine_with_exported_module!(lib, "int", int_functions);
+
+    reg_functions!(lib += basic_to_int::to_int(char));
+
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "only_i32"))]
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "only_i64"))]
+    {
+        reg_functions!(lib += numbers_to_int::to_int(i8, u8, i16, u16, i32, u32, i64, u64));
+
+        #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+        reg_functions!(lib += num_128_to_int::to_int(i128, u128));
+    }
+
     #[cfg(not(feature = "no_float"))]
     {
         // Floating point functions
@@ -64,22 +78,36 @@ def_package!(crate:BasicMathPackage:"Basic mathematic functions.", lib, {
             reg_functions!(lib += num_128_to_float::to_float(i128, u128));
         }
     }
-
-    reg_functions!(lib += basic_to_int::to_int(char));
-
-    set_exported_fn!(lib, "parse_int", parse_int);
-    set_exported_fn!(lib, "parse_int", parse_int_radix);
-
-    #[cfg(not(feature = "only_i32"))]
-    #[cfg(not(feature = "only_i64"))]
-    {
-        reg_functions!(lib += numbers_to_int::to_int(i8, u8, i16, u16, i32, u32, i64, u64));
-
-        #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
-        reg_functions!(lib += num_128_to_int::to_int(i128, u128));
-    }
 });
 
+#[export_module]
+mod int_functions {
+    #[rhai_fn(name = "parse_int", return_raw)]
+    pub fn parse_int_radix(s: &str, radix: INT) -> Result<Dynamic, Box<EvalAltResult>> {
+        if radix < 2 || radix > 36 {
+            return EvalAltResult::ErrorArithmetic(
+                format!("Invalid radix: '{}'", radix),
+                Position::none(),
+            )
+            .into();
+        }
+
+        INT::from_str_radix(s.trim(), radix as u32)
+            .map(Into::<Dynamic>::into)
+            .map_err(|err| {
+                EvalAltResult::ErrorArithmetic(
+                    format!("Error parsing integer number '{}': {}", s, err),
+                    Position::none(),
+                )
+                .into()
+            })
+    }
+    #[rhai_fn(name = "parse_int", return_raw)]
+    pub fn parse_int(s: &str) -> Result<Dynamic, Box<EvalAltResult>> {
+        parse_int_radix(s, 10)
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(not(feature = "no_float"))]
 #[export_module]
 mod trig_functions {
@@ -199,7 +227,6 @@ mod float_functions {
             Ok((x.trunc() as INT).into())
         }
     }
-
     #[rhai_fn(return_raw)]
     pub fn parse_float(s: &str) -> Result<Dynamic, Box<EvalAltResult>> {
         s.trim()
@@ -239,29 +266,3 @@ gen_conversion_functions!(numbers_to_int => to_int (i8, u8, i16, u16, i32, u32,
 #[cfg(not(feature = "only_i64"))]
 #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 gen_conversion_functions!(num_128_to_int => to_int (i128, u128) -> INT);
-
-#[export_fn(return_raw)]
-fn parse_int_radix(s: &str, radix: INT) -> Result<Dynamic, Box<EvalAltResult>> {
-    if radix < 2 || radix > 36 {
-        return EvalAltResult::ErrorArithmetic(
-            format!("Invalid radix: '{}'", radix),
-            Position::none(),
-        )
-        .into();
-    }
-
-    INT::from_str_radix(s.trim(), radix as u32)
-        .map(Into::<Dynamic>::into)
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            EvalAltResult::ErrorArithmetic(
-                format!("Error parsing integer number '{}': {}", s, err),
-                Position::none(),
-            )
-            .into()
-        })
-}
-
-#[export_fn(return_raw)]
-fn parse_int(s: &str) -> Result<Dynamic, Box<EvalAltResult>> {
-    parse_int_radix(s, 10)
-}

src/packages/string_basic.rs

@@ -47,16 +47,10 @@ macro_rules! reg_debug_functions {
 }
 
 def_package!(crate:BasicStringPackage:"Basic string utilities, including printing.", lib, {
-    reg_print_functions!(lib += print_basic; INT, bool, char, FnPtr);
+    combine_with_exported_module!(lib, "print_debug", print_debug_functions);
-    set_exported_fn!(lib, KEYWORD_PRINT, print_empty_string);
-    set_exported_fn!(lib, KEYWORD_PRINT, print_unit);
-    set_exported_fn!(lib, FN_TO_STRING, print_unit);
-    set_exported_fn!(lib, KEYWORD_PRINT, print_string);
-    set_exported_fn!(lib, FN_TO_STRING, print_string);
 
+    reg_print_functions!(lib += print_basic; INT, bool, char, FnPtr);
     reg_debug_functions!(lib += debug_basic; INT, bool, Unit, char, ImmutableString);
-    set_exported_fn!(lib, KEYWORD_DEBUG, print_empty_string);
-    set_exported_fn!(lib, KEYWORD_DEBUG, debug_fn_ptr);
 
     #[cfg(not(feature = "only_i32"))]
     #[cfg(not(feature = "only_i64"))]
@@ -82,15 +76,15 @@ def_package!(crate:BasicStringPackage:"Basic string utilities, including printin
         reg_print_functions!(lib += print_array; Array);
         reg_debug_functions!(lib += print_array; Array);
     }
-
-    #[cfg(not(feature = "no_object"))]
-    {
-        set_exported_fn!(lib, KEYWORD_PRINT, format_map::format_map);
-        set_exported_fn!(lib, FN_TO_STRING, format_map::format_map);
-        set_exported_fn!(lib, KEYWORD_DEBUG, format_map::format_map);
-    }
 });
 
+fn to_string<T: Display>(x: &mut T) -> ImmutableString {
+    x.to_string().into()
+}
+fn to_debug<T: Debug>(x: &mut T) -> ImmutableString {
+    format!("{:?}", x).into()
+}
+
 gen_functions!(print_basic => to_string(INT, bool, char, FnPtr));
 gen_functions!(debug_basic => to_debug(INT, bool, Unit, char, ImmutableString));
 
@@ -122,35 +116,32 @@ gen_functions!(debug_float => to_debug(f32, f64));
 gen_functions!(print_array => to_debug(Array));
 
 // Register print and debug
-#[export_fn]
+#[export_module]
-fn print_empty_string() -> ImmutableString {
+mod print_debug_functions {
-    "".to_string().into()
+    #[rhai_fn(name = "print", name = "debug")]
-}
+    pub fn print_empty_string() -> ImmutableString {
-#[export_fn]
+        "".to_string().into()
-fn print_unit(_x: ()) -> ImmutableString {
+    }
-    "".to_string().into()
+    #[rhai_fn(name = "print", name = "to_string")]
-}
+    pub fn print_unit(_x: ()) -> ImmutableString {
-#[export_fn]
+        "".to_string().into()
-fn print_string(s: ImmutableString) -> ImmutableString {
+    }
-    s
+    #[rhai_fn(name = "print", name = "to_string")]
-}
+    pub fn print_string(s: ImmutableString) -> ImmutableString {
-#[export_fn]
+        s
-fn debug_fn_ptr(f: &mut FnPtr) -> ImmutableString {
+    }
-    to_string(f)
+    #[rhai_fn(name = "debug")]
-}
+    pub fn debug_fn_ptr(f: &mut FnPtr) -> ImmutableString {
-fn to_string<T: Display>(x: &mut T) -> ImmutableString {
+        to_string(f)
-    x.to_string().into()
+    }
-}
-fn to_debug<T: Debug>(x: &mut T) -> ImmutableString {
-    format!("{:?}", x).into()
-}
 
-#[cfg(not(feature = "no_object"))]
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "no_object"))]
-mod format_map {
+    pub mod map_functions {
-    use super::*;
+        use super::*;
 
-    #[export_fn]
+        #[rhai_fn(name = "print", name = "debug", name = "to_string")]
-    pub fn format_map(x: &mut Map) -> ImmutableString {
+        pub fn format_map(x: &mut Map) -> ImmutableString {
-        format!("#{:?}", x).into()
+            format!("#{:?}", x).into()
+        }
     }
 }

src/packages/string_more.rs

@@ -247,6 +247,7 @@ mod string_functions {
     pub fn replace_char(s: &mut ImmutableString, find: char, sub: char) {
         *s = s.replace(&find.to_string(), &sub.to_string()).into();
     }
+
     #[rhai_fn(return_raw)]
     pub fn pad(
         _context: NativeCallContext,
@@ -363,7 +364,6 @@ mod string_functions {
         pub fn prepend(x: &mut Array, y: &str) -> String {
             format!("{:?}{}", x, y)
         }
-
         pub fn split(s: &str, delimiter: ImmutableString) -> Array {
             s.split(delimiter.as_str())
                 .map(Into::<Dynamic>::into)

src/parser.rs

@@ -758,6 +758,14 @@ pub enum Stmt {
     Const(Box<((String, Position), Option<Expr>, Position)>),
     /// { stmt; ... }
     Block(Box<(StaticVec<Stmt>, Position)>),
+    /// try { stmt; ... } catch ( var ) { stmt; ... }
+    TryCatch(
+        Box<(
+            (Stmt, Position),
+            Option<(String, Position)>,
+            (Stmt, Position),
+        )>,
+    ),
     /// expr
     Expr(Box<Expr>),
     /// continue
@@ -766,10 +774,10 @@ pub enum Stmt {
     Break(Position),
     /// return/throw
     ReturnWithVal(Box<((ReturnType, Position), Option<Expr>, Position)>),
-    /// import expr as module
+    /// import expr as var
     #[cfg(not(feature = "no_module"))]
     Import(Box<(Expr, Option<(ImmutableString, Position)>, Position)>),
-    /// expr id as name, ...
+    /// export var as var, ...
     #[cfg(not(feature = "no_module"))]
     Export(
         Box<(
@@ -796,13 +804,14 @@ impl Stmt {
             Stmt::Noop(pos) | Stmt::Continue(pos) | Stmt::Break(pos) => *pos,
             Stmt::Let(x) => (x.0).1,
             Stmt::Const(x) => (x.0).1,
-            Stmt::ReturnWithVal(x) => (x.0).1,
             Stmt::Block(x) => x.1,
             Stmt::IfThenElse(x) => x.3,
             Stmt::Expr(x) => x.position(),
             Stmt::While(x) => x.2,
             Stmt::Loop(x) => x.1,
             Stmt::For(x) => x.3,
+            Stmt::ReturnWithVal(x) => (x.0).1,
+            Stmt::TryCatch(x) => (x.0).1,
 
             #[cfg(not(feature = "no_module"))]
             Stmt::Import(x) => x.2,
@@ -820,7 +829,6 @@ impl Stmt {
             Stmt::Noop(pos) | Stmt::Continue(pos) | Stmt::Break(pos) => *pos = new_pos,
             Stmt::Let(x) => (x.0).1 = new_pos,
             Stmt::Const(x) => (x.0).1 = new_pos,
-            Stmt::ReturnWithVal(x) => (x.0).1 = new_pos,
             Stmt::Block(x) => x.1 = new_pos,
             Stmt::IfThenElse(x) => x.3 = new_pos,
             Stmt::Expr(x) => {
@@ -829,6 +837,8 @@ impl Stmt {
             Stmt::While(x) => x.2 = new_pos,
             Stmt::Loop(x) => x.1 = new_pos,
             Stmt::For(x) => x.3 = new_pos,
+            Stmt::ReturnWithVal(x) => (x.0).1 = new_pos,
+            Stmt::TryCatch(x) => (x.0).1 = new_pos,
 
             #[cfg(not(feature = "no_module"))]
             Stmt::Import(x) => x.2 = new_pos,
@@ -849,7 +859,8 @@ impl Stmt {
             | Stmt::While(_)
             | Stmt::Loop(_)
             | Stmt::For(_)
-            | Stmt::Block(_) => true,
+            | Stmt::Block(_)
+            | Stmt::TryCatch(_) => true,
 
             // A No-op requires a semicolon in order to know it is an empty statement!
             Stmt::Noop(_) => false,
@@ -884,6 +895,7 @@ impl Stmt {
             Stmt::Let(_) | Stmt::Const(_) => false,
             Stmt::Block(x) => x.0.iter().all(Stmt::is_pure),
             Stmt::Continue(_) | Stmt::Break(_) | Stmt::ReturnWithVal(_) => false,
+            Stmt::TryCatch(x) => (x.0).0.is_pure() && (x.2).0.is_pure(),
 
             #[cfg(not(feature = "no_module"))]
             Stmt::Import(_) => false,
@@ -1358,13 +1370,12 @@ fn eat_token(input: &mut TokenStream, token: Token) -> Position {
 }
 
 /// Match a particular token, consuming it if matched.
-fn match_token(input: &mut TokenStream, token: Token) -> Result<bool, ParseError> {
+fn match_token(input: &mut TokenStream, token: Token) -> (bool, Position) {
-    let (t, _) = input.peek().unwrap();
+    let (t, pos) = input.peek().unwrap();
     if *t == token {
-        eat_token(input, token);
+        (true, eat_token(input, token))
-        Ok(true)
     } else {
-        Ok(false)
+        (false, *pos)
     }
 }
 
@@ -1378,7 +1389,7 @@ fn parse_paren_expr(
     #[cfg(not(feature = "unchecked"))]
     settings.ensure_level_within_max_limit(state.max_expr_depth)?;
 
-    if match_token(input, Token::RightParen)? {
+    if match_token(input, Token::RightParen).0 {
         return Ok(Expr::Unit(settings.pos));
     }
 
@@ -1989,7 +2000,7 @@ fn parse_primary(
             // Qualified function call with !
             #[cfg(not(feature = "no_closure"))]
             (Expr::Variable(x), Token::Bang) if x.1.is_some() => {
-                return Err(if !match_token(input, Token::LeftParen)? {
+                return Err(if !match_token(input, Token::LeftParen).0 {
                     LexError::UnexpectedInput(Token::Bang.syntax().to_string()).into_err(token_pos)
                 } else {
                     PERR::BadInput("'!' cannot be used to call module functions".to_string())
@@ -1999,12 +2010,13 @@ fn parse_primary(
             // Function call with !
             #[cfg(not(feature = "no_closure"))]
             (Expr::Variable(x), Token::Bang) => {
-                if !match_token(input, Token::LeftParen)? {
+                let (matched, pos) = match_token(input, Token::LeftParen);
+                if !matched {
                     return Err(PERR::MissingToken(
                         Token::LeftParen.syntax().into(),
                         "to start arguments list of function call".into(),
                     )
-                    .into_err(input.peek().unwrap().1));
+                    .into_err(pos));
                 }
 
                 let ((name, pos), modules, _, _) = *x;
@@ -2813,7 +2825,7 @@ fn parse_if(
     let if_body = parse_block(input, state, lib, settings.level_up())?;
 
     // if guard { if_body } else ...
-    let else_body = if match_token(input, Token::Else).unwrap_or(false) {
+    let else_body = if match_token(input, Token::Else).0 {
         Some(if let (Token::If, _) = input.peek().unwrap() {
             // if guard { if_body } else if ...
             parse_if(input, state, lib, settings.level_up())?
@@ -2957,7 +2969,7 @@ fn parse_let(
     };
 
     // let name = ...
-    let init_value = if match_token(input, Token::Equals)? {
+    let init_value = if match_token(input, Token::Equals).0 {
         // let name = expr
         Some(parse_expr(input, state, lib, settings.level_up())?)
     } else {
@@ -2997,7 +3009,7 @@ fn parse_import(
     let expr = parse_expr(input, state, lib, settings.level_up())?;
 
     // import expr as ...
-    if !match_token(input, Token::As)? {
+    if !match_token(input, Token::As).0 {
         return Ok(Stmt::Import(Box::new((expr, None, token_pos))));
     }
 
@@ -3046,7 +3058,7 @@ fn parse_export(
             (_, pos) => return Err(PERR::VariableExpected.into_err(pos)),
         };
 
-        let rename = if match_token(input, Token::As)? {
+        let rename = if match_token(input, Token::As).0 {
             match input.next().unwrap() {
                 (Token::Identifier(s), pos) => Some((s.clone(), pos)),
                 (Token::Reserved(s), pos) if is_valid_identifier(s.chars()) => {
@@ -3121,7 +3133,7 @@ fn parse_block(
     #[cfg(not(feature = "no_module"))]
     let prev_mods_len = state.modules.len();
 
-    while !match_token(input, Token::RightBrace)? {
+    while !match_token(input, Token::RightBrace).0 {
         // Parse statements inside the block
         settings.is_global = false;
 
@@ -3297,30 +3309,31 @@ fn parse_stmt(
             match input.peek().unwrap() {
                 // `return`/`throw` at <EOF>
                 (Token::EOF, pos) => Ok(Some(Stmt::ReturnWithVal(Box::new((
-                    (return_type, *pos),
+                    (return_type, token_pos),
                     None,
-                    token_pos,
+                    *pos,
                 ))))),
                 // `return;` or `throw;`
                 (Token::SemiColon, _) => Ok(Some(Stmt::ReturnWithVal(Box::new((
-                    (return_type, settings.pos),
+                    (return_type, token_pos),
                     None,
-                    token_pos,
+                    settings.pos,
                 ))))),
                 // `return` or `throw` with expression
                 (_, _) => {
                     let expr = parse_expr(input, state, lib, settings.level_up())?;
                     let pos = expr.position();
-
                     Ok(Some(Stmt::ReturnWithVal(Box::new((
-                        (return_type, pos),
+                        (return_type, token_pos),
                         Some(expr),
-                        token_pos,
+                        pos,
                     )))))
                 }
             }
         }
 
+        Token::Try => parse_try_catch(input, state, lib, settings.level_up()).map(Some),
+
         Token::Let => parse_let(input, state, lib, Normal, settings.level_up()).map(Some),
         Token::Const => parse_let(input, state, lib, Constant, settings.level_up()).map(Some),
 
@@ -3337,6 +3350,65 @@ fn parse_stmt(
     }
 }
 
+/// Parse a try/catch statement.
+fn parse_try_catch(
+    input: &mut TokenStream,
+    state: &mut ParseState,
+    lib: &mut FunctionsLib,
+    mut settings: ParseSettings,
+) -> Result<Stmt, ParseError> {
+    // try ...
+    let token_pos = eat_token(input, Token::Try);
+    settings.pos = token_pos;
+
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "unchecked"))]
+    settings.ensure_level_within_max_limit(state.max_expr_depth)?;
+
+    // try { body }
+    let body = parse_block(input, state, lib, settings.level_up())?;
+
+    // try { body } catch
+    let (matched, catch_pos) = match_token(input, Token::Catch);
+
+    if !matched {
+        return Err(
+            PERR::MissingToken(Token::Catch.into(), "for the 'try' statement".into())
+                .into_err(catch_pos),
+        );
+    }
+
+    // try { body } catch (
+    let var_def = if match_token(input, Token::LeftParen).0 {
+        let id = match input.next().unwrap() {
+            (Token::Identifier(s), pos) => (s, pos),
+            (_, pos) => return Err(PERR::VariableExpected.into_err(pos)),
+        };
+
+        let (matched, pos) = match_token(input, Token::RightParen);
+
+        if !matched {
+            return Err(PERR::MissingToken(
+                Token::RightParen.into(),
+                "to enclose the catch variable".into(),
+            )
+            .into_err(pos));
+        }
+
+        Some(id)
+    } else {
+        None
+    };
+
+    // try { body } catch ( var ) { catch_block }
+    let catch_body = parse_block(input, state, lib, settings.level_up())?;
+
+    Ok(Stmt::TryCatch(Box::new((
+        (body, token_pos),
+        var_def,
+        (catch_body, catch_pos),
+    ))))
+}
+
 /// Parse a function definition.
 #[cfg(not(feature = "no_function"))]
 fn parse_fn(
@@ -3365,7 +3437,7 @@ fn parse_fn(
 
     let mut params = Vec::new();
 
-    if !match_token(input, Token::RightParen)? {
+    if !match_token(input, Token::RightParen).0 {
         let sep_err = format!("to separate the parameters of function '{}'", name);
 
         loop {
@@ -3515,7 +3587,7 @@ fn parse_anon_fn(
     let mut params = Vec::new();
 
     if input.next().unwrap().0 != Token::Or {
-        if !match_token(input, Token::Pipe)? {
+        if !match_token(input, Token::Pipe).0 {
             loop {
                 match input.next().unwrap() {
                     (Token::Pipe, _) => break,

src/result.rs

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ use crate::any::Dynamic;
 use crate::error::ParseErrorType;
 use crate::parser::INT;
 use crate::token::Position;
+use crate::utils::ImmutableString;
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "no_function"))]
 use crate::engine::is_anonymous_fn;
@@ -82,8 +83,8 @@ pub enum EvalAltResult {
     ErrorDataTooLarge(String, usize, usize, Position),
     /// The script is prematurely terminated.
     ErrorTerminated(Position),
-    /// Run-time error encountered. Wrapped value is the error message.
+    /// Run-time error encountered. Wrapped value is the error.
-    ErrorRuntime(String, Position),
+    ErrorRuntime(Dynamic, Position),
 
     /// Breaking out of loops - not an error if within a loop.
     /// The wrapped value, if true, means breaking clean out of the loop (i.e. a `break` statement).
@@ -186,7 +187,12 @@ impl fmt::Display for EvalAltResult {
             | Self::ErrorStackOverflow(_)
             | Self::ErrorTerminated(_) => f.write_str(desc)?,
 
-            Self::ErrorRuntime(s, _) => f.write_str(if s.is_empty() { desc } else { s })?,
+            Self::ErrorRuntime(d, _) if d.is::<ImmutableString>() => {
+                let s = d.as_str().unwrap();
+                write!(f, "{}: {}", desc, if s.is_empty() { desc } else { s })?
+            }
+            Self::ErrorRuntime(d, _) if d.is::<()>() => f.write_str(desc)?,
+            Self::ErrorRuntime(d, _) => write!(f, "{}: {}", desc, d)?,
 
             Self::ErrorAssignmentToConstant(s, _) => write!(f, "{}: '{}'", desc, s)?,
             Self::ErrorMismatchOutputType(r, s, _) => {
@@ -248,7 +254,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for EvalAltResult {
 impl<T: AsRef<str>> From<T> for EvalAltResult {
     #[inline(always)]
     fn from(err: T) -> Self {
-        Self::ErrorRuntime(err.as_ref().to_string(), Position::none())
+        Self::ErrorRuntime(err.as_ref().to_string().into(), Position::none())
     }
 }
 
@@ -256,13 +262,49 @@ impl<T: AsRef<str>> From<T> for Box<EvalAltResult> {
     #[inline(always)]
     fn from(err: T) -> Self {
         Box::new(EvalAltResult::ErrorRuntime(
-            err.as_ref().to_string(),
+            err.as_ref().to_string().into(),
             Position::none(),
         ))
     }
 }
 
 impl EvalAltResult {
+    /// Can this error be caught?
+    pub fn catchable(&self) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            Self::ErrorSystem(_, _) => false,
+            Self::ErrorParsing(_, _) => false,
+
+            Self::ErrorFunctionNotFound(_, _)
+            | Self::ErrorInFunctionCall(_, _, _)
+            | Self::ErrorInModule(_, _, _)
+            | Self::ErrorUnboundThis(_)
+            | Self::ErrorMismatchDataType(_, _, _)
+            | Self::ErrorArrayBounds(_, _, _)
+            | Self::ErrorStringBounds(_, _, _)
+            | Self::ErrorIndexingType(_, _)
+            | Self::ErrorFor(_)
+            | Self::ErrorVariableNotFound(_, _)
+            | Self::ErrorModuleNotFound(_, _)
+            | Self::ErrorDataRace(_, _)
+            | Self::ErrorAssignmentToUnknownLHS(_)
+            | Self::ErrorAssignmentToConstant(_, _)
+            | Self::ErrorMismatchOutputType(_, _, _)
+            | Self::ErrorInExpr(_)
+            | Self::ErrorDotExpr(_, _)
+            | Self::ErrorArithmetic(_, _)
+            | Self::ErrorRuntime(_, _) => true,
+
+            Self::ErrorTooManyOperations(_)
+            | Self::ErrorTooManyModules(_)
+            | Self::ErrorStackOverflow(_)
+            | Self::ErrorDataTooLarge(_, _, _, _)
+            | Self::ErrorTerminated(_)
+            | Self::LoopBreak(_, _)
+            | Self::Return(_, _) => false,
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Get the `Position` of this error.
     pub fn position(&self) -> Position {
         match self {

src/serde_impl/ser.rs

@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ pub fn to_dynamic<T: Serialize>(value: T) -> Result<Dynamic, Box<EvalAltResult>>
 
 impl Error for Box<EvalAltResult> {
     fn custom<T: fmt::Display>(err: T) -> Self {
-        EvalAltResult::ErrorRuntime(err.to_string(), Position::none()).into()
+        EvalAltResult::ErrorRuntime(err.to_string().into(), Position::none()).into()
     }
 }
 

src/syntax.rs

@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ impl Expression<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl EvalContext<'_, '_, '_, '_, '_, '_, '_, '_> {
+impl EvalContext<'_, '_, '_, '_, '_, '_, '_, '_, '_> {
     /// Evaluate an expression tree.
     ///
     /// ## WARNING - Low Level API
@@ -64,14 +64,14 @@ impl EvalContext<'_, '_, '_, '_, '_, '_, '_, '_> {
         &mut self,
         expr: &Expression,
     ) -> Result<Dynamic, Box<EvalAltResult>> {
-        self.engine().eval_expr(
+        self.engine.eval_expr(
             self.scope,
             self.mods,
             self.state,
-            self.namespace(),
+            self.lib,
             self.this_ptr,
             expr.expr(),
-            self.call_level(),
+            self.level,
         )
     }
 }

src/token.rs

@@ -282,6 +282,10 @@ pub enum Token {
     Return,
     /// `throw`
     Throw,
+    /// `try`
+    Try,
+    /// `catch`
+    Catch,
     /// `+=`
     PlusAssign,
     /// `-=`
@@ -397,6 +401,8 @@ impl Token {
                 Break => "break",
                 Return => "return",
                 Throw => "throw",
+                Try => "try",
+                Catch => "catch",
                 PlusAssign => "+=",
                 MinusAssign => "-=",
                 MultiplyAssign => "*=",
@@ -479,6 +485,8 @@ impl Token {
             "break" => Break,
             "return" => Return,
             "throw" => Throw,
+            "try" => Try,
+            "catch" => Catch,
             "+=" => PlusAssign,
             "-=" => MinusAssign,
             "*=" => MultiplyAssign,
@@ -516,9 +524,9 @@ impl Token {
 
             "===" | "!==" | "->" | "<-" | "=>" | ":=" | "::<" | "(*" | "*)" | "#" | "public"
             | "new" | "use" | "module" | "package" | "var" | "static" | "shared" | "with"
-            | "do" | "each" | "then" | "goto" | "exit" | "switch" | "match" | "case" | "try"
+            | "do" | "each" | "then" | "goto" | "exit" | "switch" | "match" | "case"
-            | "catch" | "default" | "void" | "null" | "nil" | "spawn" | "go" | "sync" | "async"
+            | "default" | "void" | "null" | "nil" | "spawn" | "go" | "sync" | "async" | "await"
-            | "await" | "yield" => Reserved(syntax.into()),
+            | "yield" => Reserved(syntax.into()),
 
             KEYWORD_PRINT | KEYWORD_DEBUG | KEYWORD_TYPE_OF | KEYWORD_EVAL | KEYWORD_FN_PTR
             | KEYWORD_FN_PTR_CALL | KEYWORD_FN_PTR_CURRY | KEYWORD_IS_DEF_VAR

tests/closures.rs

@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ fn test_closures_external() -> Result<(), Box<EvalAltResult>> {
     ast.retain_functions(|_, _, _| true);
 
     // Closure 'f' captures: the engine, the AST, and the curried function pointer
-    let f = move |x: INT| fn_ptr.call_dynamic((&engine, ast.as_ref()).into(), None, [x.into()]);
+    let f = move |x: INT| fn_ptr.call_dynamic((&engine, &[ast.as_ref()]).into(), None, [x.into()]);
 
     assert_eq!(f(42)?.as_str(), Ok("hello42"));
 

tests/throw.rs

@@ -1,16 +1,41 @@
-use rhai::{Engine, EvalAltResult};
+use rhai::{Engine, EvalAltResult, INT};
 
 #[test]
 fn test_throw() {
     let engine = Engine::new();
 
     assert!(matches!(
-        *engine.eval::<()>(r#"if true { throw "hello" }"#).expect_err("expects error"),
+        *engine.eval::<()>("if true { throw 42 }").expect_err("expects error"),
-        EvalAltResult::ErrorRuntime(s, _) if s == "hello"
+        EvalAltResult::ErrorRuntime(s, _) if s.as_int().unwrap() == 42
     ));
 
     assert!(matches!(
         *engine.eval::<()>(r#"throw"#).expect_err("expects error"),
-        EvalAltResult::ErrorRuntime(s, _) if s == ""
+        EvalAltResult::ErrorRuntime(s, _) if s.is::<()>()
     ));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn test_try_catch() -> Result<(), Box<EvalAltResult>> {
+    let engine = Engine::new();
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        engine.eval::<INT>("try { throw 42; } catch (x) { return x; }")?,
+        42
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        engine.eval::<INT>("try { throw 42; } catch { return 123; }")?,
+        123
+    );
+
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "unchecked"))]
+    assert!(matches!(
+        *engine
+            .eval::<()>("try { 42/0; } catch { throw; }")
+            .expect_err("expects error"),
+        EvalAltResult::ErrorArithmetic(_, _)
+    ));
+
+    Ok(())
+}