Merge pull request #649 from schungx/master

Speed improvements.

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,6 +1,18 @@
 Rhai Release Notes
 ==================
 
+Version 1.11.0
+==============
+
+Enhancements
+------------
+
+* The look-ahead symbol for custom syntax now renders a string literal in quotes (instead of the generic term `string`). This facilitates more accurate parsing by separating strings and identifiers.
+* Due to a code refactor, built-in operators for standard types now run even faster, in certain cases by 20-30%.
+* `Scope` is now serializable and deserializable via `serde`.
+* `Scope` now contains a const generic parameter that allows specifying how many entries to be kept inline.
+
+
 Version 1.10.1
 ==============
 
@@ -8,7 +20,7 @@ Bug fixes
 ---------
 
 * Compiling on 32-bit architectures no longer cause a compilation error.
-* Fix type-size test fo 32-bit architectures without the `decimal` feature.
+* Fix type-size test for 32-bit architectures without the `decimal` feature.
 
 Custom syntax with state
 ------------------------

src/api/custom_syntax.rs

@@ -147,6 +147,7 @@ impl Expression<'_> {
 
 impl AsRef<Expr> for Expression<'_> {
     #[inline(always)]
+    #[must_use]
     fn as_ref(&self) -> &Expr {
         self.0
     }
@@ -156,6 +157,7 @@ impl Deref for Expression<'_> {
     type Target = Expr;
 
     #[inline(always)]
+    #[must_use]
     fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
         self.0
     }

src/api/events.rs

@@ -169,10 +169,11 @@ impl Engine {
     /// let mut engine = Engine::new();
     ///
     /// // Register a token mapper.
+    /// # #[allow(deprecated)]
     /// engine.on_parse_token(|token, _, _| {
     ///     match token {
     ///         // Convert all integer literals to strings
-    ///         Token::IntegerConstant(n) => Token::StringConstant(n.to_string().into()),
+    ///         Token::IntegerConstant(n) => Token::StringConstant(Box::new(n.to_string().into())),
     ///         // Convert 'begin' .. 'end' to '{' .. '}'
     ///         Token::Identifier(s) if &*s == "begin" => Token::LeftBrace,
     ///         Token::Identifier(s) if &*s == "end" => Token::RightBrace,

src/api/files.rs

@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ impl Engine {
     pub fn compile_file_with_scope(&self, scope: &Scope, path: PathBuf) -> RhaiResultOf<AST> {
         Self::read_file(&path).and_then(|contents| {
             let mut ast = self.compile_with_scope(scope, &contents)?;
-            ast.set_source(path.to_string_lossy());
+            ast.set_source(path.to_string_lossy().as_ref());
             Ok(ast)
         })
     }

src/api/mod.rs

@@ -75,6 +75,7 @@ impl Engine {
     /// Not available under `no_module`.
     #[cfg(not(feature = "no_module"))]
     #[inline(always)]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn module_resolver(&self) -> &dyn crate::ModuleResolver {
         &*self.module_resolver
     }

src/api/register.rs

@@ -16,12 +16,14 @@ impl Engine {
     /// Get the global namespace module (which is the fist module in `global_modules`).
     #[inline(always)]
     #[allow(dead_code)]
+    #[must_use]
     pub(crate) fn global_namespace(&self) -> &Module {
         self.global_modules.first().unwrap()
     }
     /// Get a mutable reference to the global namespace module
     /// (which is the first module in `global_modules`).
     #[inline(always)]
+    #[must_use]
     pub(crate) fn global_namespace_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Module {
         let module = self.global_modules.first_mut().unwrap();
         Shared::get_mut(module).expect("not shared")

src/ast/ast.rs

@@ -919,6 +919,7 @@ impl<A: Into<Self>> AddAssign<A> for AST {
 
 impl AsRef<[Stmt]> for AST {
     #[inline(always)]
+    #[must_use]
     fn as_ref(&self) -> &[Stmt] {
         self.statements()
     }
@@ -927,6 +928,7 @@ impl AsRef<[Stmt]> for AST {
 #[cfg(not(feature = "no_function"))]
 impl AsRef<crate::Module> for AST {
     #[inline(always)]
+    #[must_use]
     fn as_ref(&self) -> &crate::Module {
         self.shared_lib().as_ref()
     }
@@ -935,6 +937,7 @@ impl AsRef<crate::Module> for AST {
 #[cfg(not(feature = "no_function"))]
 impl AsRef<crate::Shared<crate::Module>> for AST {
     #[inline(always)]
+    #[must_use]
     fn as_ref(&self) -> &crate::Shared<crate::Module> {
         self.shared_lib()
     }

src/ast/expr.rs

@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ pub struct FnCallExpr {
     /// Does this function call capture the parent scope?
     pub capture_parent_scope: bool,
     /// Is this function call a native operator?
-    pub is_native_operator: bool,
+    pub operator_token: Option<Token>,
     /// [Position] of the function name.
     pub pos: Position,
 }
@@ -208,8 +208,8 @@ impl fmt::Debug for FnCallExpr {
         if self.capture_parent_scope {
             ff.field("capture_parent_scope", &self.capture_parent_scope);
         }
-        if self.is_native_operator {
+        if let Some(ref token) = self.operator_token {
-            ff.field("is_native_operator", &self.is_native_operator);
+            ff.field("operator_token", token);
         }
         ff.field("hash", &self.hashes)
             .field("name", &self.name)
@@ -257,6 +257,7 @@ impl Hash for FloatWrapper<crate::FLOAT> {
 #[cfg(not(feature = "no_float"))]
 impl<F: Float> AsRef<F> for FloatWrapper<F> {
     #[inline(always)]
+    #[must_use]
     fn as_ref(&self) -> &F {
         &self.0
     }
@@ -265,6 +266,7 @@ impl<F: Float> AsRef<F> for FloatWrapper<F> {
 #[cfg(not(feature = "no_float"))]
 impl<F: Float> AsMut<F> for FloatWrapper<F> {
     #[inline(always)]
+    #[must_use]
     fn as_mut(&mut self) -> &mut F {
         &mut self.0
     }
@@ -275,6 +277,7 @@ impl<F: Float> Deref for FloatWrapper<F> {
     type Target = F;
 
     #[inline(always)]
+    #[must_use]
     fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
         &self.0
     }
@@ -283,6 +286,7 @@ impl<F: Float> Deref for FloatWrapper<F> {
 #[cfg(not(feature = "no_float"))]
 impl<F: Float> DerefMut for FloatWrapper<F> {
     #[inline(always)]
+    #[must_use]
     fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
         &mut self.0
     }
@@ -669,7 +673,7 @@ impl Expr {
                     hashes: calc_fn_hash(None, f.fn_name(), 1).into(),
                     args: once(Self::StringConstant(f.fn_name().into(), pos)).collect(),
                     capture_parent_scope: false,
-                    is_native_operator: false,
+                    operator_token: None,
                     pos,
                 }
                 .into(),

src/ast/ident.rs

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ impl fmt::Debug for Ident {
 
 impl AsRef<str> for Ident {
     #[inline(always)]
+    #[must_use]
     fn as_ref(&self) -> &str {
         self.name.as_ref()
     }
@@ -37,6 +38,7 @@ impl Deref for Ident {
     type Target = ImmutableString;
 
     #[inline(always)]
+    #[must_use]
     fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
         &self.name
     }
@@ -44,6 +46,7 @@ impl Deref for Ident {
 
 impl DerefMut for Ident {
     #[inline(always)]
+    #[must_use]
     fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
         &mut self.name
     }

src/ast/namespace.rs

@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@ impl Deref for Namespace {
     type Target = StaticVec<Ident>;
 
     #[inline(always)]
+    #[must_use]
     fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
         &self.path
     }
@@ -77,6 +78,7 @@ impl Deref for Namespace {
 
 impl DerefMut for Namespace {
     #[inline(always)]
+    #[must_use]
     fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
         &mut self.path
     }

src/ast/stmt.rs

@@ -19,16 +19,16 @@ use std::{
 /// Exported under the `internals` feature only.
 ///
 /// This type may hold a straight assignment (i.e. not an op-assignment).
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub struct OpAssignment {
     /// Hash of the op-assignment call.
     pub hash_op_assign: u64,
     /// Hash of the underlying operator call (for fallback).
     pub hash_op: u64,
     /// Op-assignment operator.
-    pub op_assign: &'static str,
+    pub op_assign: Token,
     /// Underlying operator.
-    pub op: &'static str,
+    pub op: Token,
     /// [Position] of the op-assignment operator.
     pub pos: Position,
 }
@@ -41,8 +41,8 @@ impl OpAssignment {
         Self {
             hash_op_assign: 0,
             hash_op: 0,
-            op_assign: "=",
+            op_assign: Token::Equals,
-            op: "=",
+            op: Token::Equals,
             pos,
         }
     }
@@ -71,12 +71,11 @@ impl OpAssignment {
     pub fn new_op_assignment_from_token(op: &Token, pos: Position) -> Self {
         let op_raw = op
             .get_base_op_from_assignment()
-            .expect("op-assignment operator")
+            .expect("op-assignment operator");
-            .literal_syntax();
         Self {
             hash_op_assign: calc_fn_hash(None, op.literal_syntax(), 2),
-            hash_op: calc_fn_hash(None, op_raw, 2),
+            hash_op: calc_fn_hash(None, op_raw.literal_syntax(), 2),
-            op_assign: op.literal_syntax(),
+            op_assign: op.clone(),
             op: op_raw,
             pos,
         }
@@ -424,6 +423,7 @@ impl Deref for StmtBlock {
     type Target = StmtBlockContainer;
 
     #[inline(always)]
+    #[must_use]
     fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
         &self.block
     }
@@ -431,6 +431,7 @@ impl Deref for StmtBlock {
 
 impl DerefMut for StmtBlock {
     #[inline(always)]
+    #[must_use]
     fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
         &mut self.block
     }
@@ -438,6 +439,7 @@ impl DerefMut for StmtBlock {
 
 impl AsRef<[Stmt]> for StmtBlock {
     #[inline(always)]
+    #[must_use]
     fn as_ref(&self) -> &[Stmt] {
         &self.block
     }
@@ -445,6 +447,7 @@ impl AsRef<[Stmt]> for StmtBlock {
 
 impl AsMut<[Stmt]> for StmtBlock {
     #[inline(always)]
+    #[must_use]
     fn as_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [Stmt] {
         &mut self.block
     }

src/engine.rs

@@ -240,12 +240,12 @@ impl Engine {
                 source.map_or_else(
                     || {
                         if pos.is_none() {
-                            println!("{}", s);
+                            println!("{s}");
                         } else {
-                            println!("{:?} | {}", pos, s);
+                            println!("{pos:?} | {s}");
                         }
                     },
-                    |source| println!("{} @ {:?} | {}", source, pos, s),
+                    |source| println!("{source} @ {pos:?} | {s}"),
                 )
             });
         }

src/eval/chaining.rs

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ impl Engine {
         idx_values: &mut FnArgsVec<Dynamic>,
         chain_type: ChainType,
         level: usize,
-        new_val: Option<(Dynamic, OpAssignment)>,
+        new_val: Option<(Dynamic, &OpAssignment)>,
     ) -> RhaiResultOf<(Dynamic, bool)> {
         let is_ref_mut = target.is_ref();
 
@@ -558,7 +558,7 @@ impl Engine {
         this_ptr: &mut Option<&mut Dynamic>,
         expr: &Expr,
         level: usize,
-        new_val: Option<(Dynamic, OpAssignment)>,
+        new_val: Option<(Dynamic, &OpAssignment)>,
     ) -> RhaiResult {
         let chain_type = ChainType::from(expr);
         let (crate::ast::BinaryExpr { lhs, rhs }, options, op_pos) = match expr {

src/eval/expr.rs

@@ -3,17 +3,9 @@
 use super::{Caches, EvalContext, GlobalRuntimeState, Target};
 use crate::ast::{Expr, FnCallExpr, OpAssignment};
 use crate::engine::{KEYWORD_THIS, OP_CONCAT};
-use crate::eval::FnResolutionCacheEntry;
+use crate::func::get_builtin_binary_op_fn;
-use crate::func::{
-    calc_fn_params_hash, combine_hashes, gen_fn_call_signature, get_builtin_binary_op_fn,
-    CallableFunction,
-};
 use crate::types::dynamic::AccessMode;
 use crate::{Dynamic, Engine, Module, Position, RhaiResult, RhaiResultOf, Scope, ERR};
-#[cfg(feature = "no_std")]
-use hashbrown::hash_map::Entry;
-#[cfg(not(feature = "no_std"))]
-use std::collections::hash_map::Entry;
 use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
 #[cfg(feature = "no_std")]
 use std::prelude::v1::*;
@@ -227,89 +219,43 @@ impl Engine {
         level: usize,
     ) -> RhaiResult {
         let FnCallExpr {
-            name, hashes, args, ..
+            name,
+            hashes,
+            args,
+            operator_token,
+            ..
         } = expr;
 
         // Short-circuit native binary operator call if under Fast Operators mode
-        if expr.is_native_operator && self.fast_operators() && (args.len() == 1 || args.len() == 2)
+        if operator_token.is_some() && self.fast_operators() && args.len() == 2 {
-        {
             let mut lhs = self
                 .get_arg_value(scope, global, caches, lib, this_ptr, &args[0], level)?
                 .0
                 .flatten();
 
-            let mut rhs = if args.len() == 2 {
+            let mut rhs = self
-                self.get_arg_value(scope, global, caches, lib, this_ptr, &args[1], level)?
+                .get_arg_value(scope, global, caches, lib, this_ptr, &args[1], level)?
                 .0
-                    .flatten()
+                .flatten();
-            } else {
-                Dynamic::UNIT
-            };
 
-            let mut operands = [&mut lhs, &mut rhs];
+            let operands = &mut [&mut lhs, &mut rhs];
-            let operands = if args.len() == 2 {
-                &mut operands[..]
-            } else {
-                &mut operands[0..1]
-            };
 
-            let hash = calc_fn_params_hash(operands.iter().map(|a| a.type_id()));
+            if let Some(func) =
-            let hash = combine_hashes(hashes.native, hash);
+                get_builtin_binary_op_fn(operator_token.as_ref().unwrap(), operands[0], operands[1])
-
+            {
-            let cache = caches.fn_resolution_cache_mut();
+                // Built-in found
-            let local_entry: CallableFunction;
+                let context = (self, name, None, &*global, lib, pos, level + 1).into();
-
+                let result = func(context, operands);
-            let func = match cache.map.entry(hash) {
-                Entry::Vacant(entry) => {
-                    let func = if args.len() == 2 {
-                        get_builtin_binary_op_fn(name, operands[0], operands[1])
-                    } else {
-                        None
-                    };
-
-                    if let Some(f) = func {
-                        if cache.filter.is_absent_and_set(hash) {
-                            // Do not cache "one-hit wonders"
-                            local_entry = CallableFunction::from_fn_builtin(f);
-                            &local_entry
-                        } else {
-                            // Cache repeated calls
-                            &entry
-                                .insert(Some(FnResolutionCacheEntry {
-                                    func: CallableFunction::from_fn_builtin(f),
-                                    source: None,
-                                }))
-                                .as_ref()
-                                .unwrap()
-                                .func
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        let result = self.exec_fn_call(
-                            None, global, caches, lib, name, *hashes, operands, false, false, pos,
-                            level,
-                        );
-                        return result.map(|(v, ..)| v);
-                    }
-                }
-                Entry::Occupied(entry) => {
-                    if let Some(entry) = entry.into_mut() {
-                        &entry.func
-                    } else {
-                        let sig = gen_fn_call_signature(self, name, operands);
-                        return Err(ERR::ErrorFunctionNotFound(sig, pos).into());
-                    }
-                }
-            };
-
-            let context = (self, name, None, &*global, lib, pos, level).into();
-            let result = if func.is_plugin_fn() {
-                func.get_plugin_fn().unwrap().call(context, operands)
-            } else {
-                func.get_native_fn().unwrap()(context, operands)
-            };
                 return self.check_return_value(result, pos);
             }
 
+            return self
+                .exec_fn_call(
+                    None, global, caches, lib, name, *hashes, operands, false, false, pos, level,
+                )
+                .map(|(v, ..)| v);
+        }
+
         #[cfg(not(feature = "no_module"))]
         if !expr.namespace.is_empty() {
             // Qualified function call
@@ -338,7 +284,7 @@ impl Engine {
             args,
             *hashes,
             expr.capture_parent_scope,
-            expr.is_native_operator,
+            expr.operator_token.as_ref(),
             pos,
             level,
         )
@@ -444,9 +390,9 @@ impl Engine {
 
                     op_info.pos = expr.start_position();
 
-                    if let Err(err) = self
+                    if let Err(err) = self.eval_op_assignment(
-                        .eval_op_assignment(global, caches, lib, op_info, target, root, item, level)
+                        global, caches, lib, &op_info, target, root, item, level,
-                    {
+                    ) {
                         result = Err(err);
                         break;
                     }

src/eval/stmt.rs

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use crate::api::events::VarDefInfo;
 use crate::ast::{
     ASTFlags, BinaryExpr, Expr, Ident, OpAssignment, Stmt, SwitchCasesCollection, TryCatchBlock,
 };
-use crate::func::get_hasher;
+use crate::func::{get_builtin_op_assignment_fn, get_hasher};
 use crate::types::dynamic::{AccessMode, Union};
 use crate::{
     Dynamic, Engine, ImmutableString, Module, Position, RhaiResult, RhaiResultOf, Scope, ERR, INT,
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ impl Engine {
         global: &mut GlobalRuntimeState,
         caches: &mut Caches,
         lib: &[&Module],
-        op_info: OpAssignment,
+        op_info: &OpAssignment,
         target: &mut Target,
         root: (&str, Position),
         new_val: Dynamic,
@@ -141,12 +141,29 @@ impl Engine {
 
             let mut lock_guard = target.write_lock::<Dynamic>().unwrap();
 
-            let hash = hash_op_assign;
+            let hash = *hash_op_assign;
             let args = &mut [&mut *lock_guard, &mut new_val];
             let level = level + 1;
 
+            if self.fast_operators() {
+                if let Some(func) = get_builtin_op_assignment_fn(op_assign, args[0], args[1]) {
+                    // Built-in found
+                    let op = op_assign.literal_syntax();
+                    let context = (self, op, None, &*global, lib, *op_pos, level).into();
+                    let result = func(context, args).map(|_| ());
+
+                    #[cfg(not(feature = "unchecked"))]
+                    self.check_data_size(args[0], root.1)?;
+
+                    return result;
+                }
+            }
+
+            let op_assign = op_assign.literal_syntax();
+            let op = op.literal_syntax();
+
             match self.call_native_fn(
-                global, caches, lib, op_assign, hash, args, true, true, op_pos, level,
+                global, caches, lib, op_assign, hash, args, true, true, *op_pos, level,
             ) {
                 Ok(_) => {
                     #[cfg(not(feature = "unchecked"))]
@@ -155,16 +172,13 @@ impl Engine {
                 Err(err) if matches!(*err, ERR::ErrorFunctionNotFound(ref f, ..) if f.starts_with(op_assign)) =>
                 {
                     // Expand to `var = var op rhs`
-                    let (value, ..) = self
+                    *args[0] = self
                         .call_native_fn(
-                            global, caches, lib, op, hash_op, args, true, false, op_pos, level,
+                            global, caches, lib, op, *hash_op, args, true, false, *op_pos, level,
                         )
-                        .map_err(|err| err.fill_position(op_info.pos))?;
+                        .map_err(|err| err.fill_position(op_info.pos))?
-
+                        .0
-                    #[cfg(not(feature = "unchecked"))]
+                        .flatten();
-                    self.check_data_size(&value, root.1)?;
-
-                    *args[0] = value.flatten();
                 }
                 Err(err) => return Err(err),
             }
@@ -269,7 +283,7 @@ impl Engine {
                         let lhs_ptr = &mut lhs_ptr;
 
                         self.eval_op_assignment(
-                            global, caches, lib, *op_info, lhs_ptr, root, rhs_val, level,
+                            global, caches, lib, op_info, lhs_ptr, root, rhs_val, level,
                         )
                         .map(|_| Dynamic::UNIT)
                     } else {
@@ -293,7 +307,7 @@ impl Engine {
                         rhs_val
                     };
 
-                    let _new_val = Some((rhs_val, *op_info));
+                    let _new_val = Some((rhs_val, op_info));
 
                     // Must be either `var[index] op= val` or `var.prop op= val`
                     match lhs {

src/eval/target.rs

@@ -399,6 +399,7 @@ impl Deref for Target<'_> {
     type Target = Dynamic;
 
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     fn deref(&self) -> &Dynamic {
         match self {
             Self::RefMut(r) => r,
@@ -416,6 +417,7 @@ impl Deref for Target<'_> {
 
 impl AsRef<Dynamic> for Target<'_> {
     #[inline(always)]
+    #[must_use]
     fn as_ref(&self) -> &Dynamic {
         self
     }
@@ -423,6 +425,7 @@ impl AsRef<Dynamic> for Target<'_> {
 
 impl DerefMut for Target<'_> {
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Dynamic {
         match self {
             Self::RefMut(r) => r,
@@ -440,6 +443,7 @@ impl DerefMut for Target<'_> {
 
 impl AsMut<Dynamic> for Target<'_> {
     #[inline(always)]
+    #[must_use]
     fn as_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Dynamic {
         self
     }

src/func/builtin.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 use super::call::FnCallArgs;
 use super::native::FnBuiltin;
-use crate::engine::OP_CONTAINS;
+use crate::tokenizer::Token;
 use crate::{Dynamic, ExclusiveRange, ImmutableString, InclusiveRange, INT};
 use std::any::TypeId;
 #[cfg(feature = "no_std")]
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ fn is_numeric(type_id: TypeId) -> bool {
 ///
 /// The return function will be registered as a _method_, so the first parameter cannot be consumed.
 #[must_use]
-pub fn get_builtin_binary_op_fn(op: &str, x: &Dynamic, y: &Dynamic) -> Option<FnBuiltin> {
+pub fn get_builtin_binary_op_fn(op: &Token, x: &Dynamic, y: &Dynamic) -> Option<FnBuiltin> {
     let type1 = x.type_id();
     let type2 = y.type_id();
 
@@ -131,46 +131,46 @@ pub fn get_builtin_binary_op_fn(op: &str, x: &Dynamic, y: &Dynamic) -> Option<Fn
 
             #[cfg(not(feature = "unchecked"))]
             match op {
-                "+" => return Some(impl_op!(INT => add(as_int, as_int))),
+                Token::Plus => return Some(impl_op!(INT => add(as_int, as_int))),
-                "-" => return Some(impl_op!(INT => subtract(as_int, as_int))),
+                Token::Minus => return Some(impl_op!(INT => subtract(as_int, as_int))),
-                "*" => return Some(impl_op!(INT => multiply(as_int, as_int))),
+                Token::Multiply => return Some(impl_op!(INT => multiply(as_int, as_int))),
-                "/" => return Some(impl_op!(INT => divide(as_int, as_int))),
+                Token::Divide => return Some(impl_op!(INT => divide(as_int, as_int))),
-                "%" => return Some(impl_op!(INT => modulo(as_int, as_int))),
+                Token::Modulo => return Some(impl_op!(INT => modulo(as_int, as_int))),
-                "**" => return Some(impl_op!(INT => power(as_int, as_int))),
+                Token::PowerOf => return Some(impl_op!(INT => power(as_int, as_int))),
-                ">>" => return Some(impl_op!(INT => shift_right(as_int, as_int))),
+                Token::RightShift => return Some(impl_op!(INT => shift_right(as_int, as_int))),
-                "<<" => return Some(impl_op!(INT => shift_left(as_int, as_int))),
+                Token::LeftShift => return Some(impl_op!(INT => shift_left(as_int, as_int))),
                 _ => (),
             }
 
             #[cfg(feature = "unchecked")]
             match op {
-                "+" => return Some(impl_op!(INT => as_int + as_int)),
+                Token::Plus => return Some(impl_op!(INT => as_int + as_int)),
-                "-" => return Some(impl_op!(INT => as_int - as_int)),
+                Token::Minus => return Some(impl_op!(INT => as_int - as_int)),
-                "*" => return Some(impl_op!(INT => as_int * as_int)),
+                Token::Multiply => return Some(impl_op!(INT => as_int * as_int)),
-                "/" => return Some(impl_op!(INT => as_int / as_int)),
+                Token::Divide => return Some(impl_op!(INT => as_int / as_int)),
-                "%" => return Some(impl_op!(INT => as_int % as_int)),
+                Token::Modulo => return Some(impl_op!(INT => as_int % as_int)),
-                "**" => return Some(impl_op!(INT => as_int.pow(as_int as u32))),
+                Token::PowerOf => return Some(impl_op!(INT => as_int.pow(as_int as u32))),
-                ">>" => return Some(impl_op!(INT => as_int >> as_int)),
+                Token::RightShift => return Some(impl_op!(INT => as_int >> as_int)),
-                "<<" => return Some(impl_op!(INT => as_int << as_int)),
+                Token::LeftShift => return Some(impl_op!(INT => as_int << as_int)),
                 _ => (),
             }
 
             return match op {
-                "==" => Some(impl_op!(INT => as_int == as_int)),
+                Token::EqualsTo => Some(impl_op!(INT => as_int == as_int)),
-                "!=" => Some(impl_op!(INT => as_int != as_int)),
+                Token::NotEqualsTo => Some(impl_op!(INT => as_int != as_int)),
-                ">" => Some(impl_op!(INT => as_int > as_int)),
+                Token::GreaterThan => Some(impl_op!(INT => as_int > as_int)),
-                ">=" => Some(impl_op!(INT => as_int >= as_int)),
+                Token::GreaterThanEqualsTo => Some(impl_op!(INT => as_int >= as_int)),
-                "<" => Some(impl_op!(INT => as_int < as_int)),
+                Token::LessThan => Some(impl_op!(INT => as_int < as_int)),
-                "<=" => Some(impl_op!(INT => as_int <= as_int)),
+                Token::LessThanEqualsTo => Some(impl_op!(INT => as_int <= as_int)),
-                "&" => Some(impl_op!(INT => as_int & as_int)),
+                Token::Ampersand => Some(impl_op!(INT => as_int & as_int)),
-                "|" => Some(impl_op!(INT => as_int | as_int)),
+                Token::Pipe => Some(impl_op!(INT => as_int | as_int)),
-                "^" => Some(impl_op!(INT => as_int ^ as_int)),
+                Token::XOr => Some(impl_op!(INT => as_int ^ as_int)),
-                ".." => Some(|_, args| {
+                Token::ExclusiveRange => Some(|_, args| {
                     let x = args[0].as_int().expect(BUILTIN);
                     let y = args[1].as_int().expect(BUILTIN);
                     Ok((x..y).into())
                 }),
-                "..=" => Some(|_, args| {
+                Token::InclusiveRange => Some(|_, args| {
                     let x = args[0].as_int().expect(BUILTIN);
                     let y = args[1].as_int().expect(BUILTIN);
                     Ok((x..=y).into())
@@ -181,47 +181,46 @@ pub fn get_builtin_binary_op_fn(op: &str, x: &Dynamic, y: &Dynamic) -> Option<Fn
 
         if type1 == TypeId::of::<bool>() {
             return match op {
-                "==" => Some(impl_op!(bool => as_bool == as_bool)),
+                Token::EqualsTo => Some(impl_op!(bool => as_bool == as_bool)),
-                "!=" => Some(impl_op!(bool => as_bool != as_bool)),
+                Token::NotEqualsTo => Some(impl_op!(bool => as_bool != as_bool)),
-                ">" => Some(impl_op!(bool => as_bool > as_bool)),
+                Token::GreaterThan => Some(impl_op!(bool => as_bool > as_bool)),
-                ">=" => Some(impl_op!(bool => as_bool >= as_bool)),
+                Token::GreaterThanEqualsTo => Some(impl_op!(bool => as_bool >= as_bool)),
-                "<" => Some(impl_op!(bool => as_bool < as_bool)),
+                Token::LessThan => Some(impl_op!(bool => as_bool < as_bool)),
-                "<=" => Some(impl_op!(bool => as_bool <= as_bool)),
+                Token::LessThanEqualsTo => Some(impl_op!(bool => as_bool <= as_bool)),
-                "&" => Some(impl_op!(bool => as_bool & as_bool)),
+                Token::Ampersand => Some(impl_op!(bool => as_bool & as_bool)),
-                "|" => Some(impl_op!(bool => as_bool | as_bool)),
+                Token::Pipe => Some(impl_op!(bool => as_bool | as_bool)),
-                "^" => Some(impl_op!(bool => as_bool ^ as_bool)),
+                Token::XOr => Some(impl_op!(bool => as_bool ^ as_bool)),
                 _ => None,
             };
         }
 
         if type1 == TypeId::of::<ImmutableString>() {
             return match op {
-                "+" => Some(impl_op!(ImmutableString + ImmutableString)),
+                Token::Plus => Some(impl_op!(ImmutableString + ImmutableString)),
-                "-" => Some(impl_op!(ImmutableString - ImmutableString)),
+                Token::Minus => Some(impl_op!(ImmutableString - ImmutableString)),
-                "==" => Some(impl_op!(ImmutableString == ImmutableString)),
+                Token::EqualsTo => Some(impl_op!(ImmutableString == ImmutableString)),
-                "!=" => Some(impl_op!(ImmutableString != ImmutableString)),
+                Token::NotEqualsTo => Some(impl_op!(ImmutableString != ImmutableString)),
-                ">" => Some(impl_op!(ImmutableString > ImmutableString)),
+                Token::GreaterThan => Some(impl_op!(ImmutableString > ImmutableString)),
-                ">=" => Some(impl_op!(ImmutableString >= ImmutableString)),
+                Token::GreaterThanEqualsTo => Some(impl_op!(ImmutableString >= ImmutableString)),
-                "<" => Some(impl_op!(ImmutableString < ImmutableString)),
+                Token::LessThan => Some(impl_op!(ImmutableString < ImmutableString)),
-                "<=" => Some(impl_op!(ImmutableString <= ImmutableString)),
+                Token::LessThanEqualsTo => Some(impl_op!(ImmutableString <= ImmutableString)),
-                OP_CONTAINS => Some(impl_op!(ImmutableString.contains(ImmutableString.as_str()))),
                 _ => None,
             };
         }
 
         if type1 == TypeId::of::<char>() {
             return match op {
-                "+" => Some(|_, args| {
+                Token::Plus => Some(|_, args| {
                     let x = args[0].as_char().expect(BUILTIN);
                     let y = args[1].as_char().expect(BUILTIN);
                     Ok(format!("{x}{y}").into())
                 }),
-                "==" => Some(impl_op!(char => as_char == as_char)),
+                Token::EqualsTo => Some(impl_op!(char => as_char == as_char)),
-                "!=" => Some(impl_op!(char => as_char != as_char)),
+                Token::NotEqualsTo => Some(impl_op!(char => as_char != as_char)),
-                ">" => Some(impl_op!(char => as_char > as_char)),
+                Token::GreaterThan => Some(impl_op!(char => as_char > as_char)),
-                ">=" => Some(impl_op!(char => as_char >= as_char)),
+                Token::GreaterThanEqualsTo => Some(impl_op!(char => as_char >= as_char)),
-                "<" => Some(impl_op!(char => as_char < as_char)),
+                Token::LessThan => Some(impl_op!(char => as_char < as_char)),
-                "<=" => Some(impl_op!(char => as_char <= as_char)),
+                Token::LessThanEqualsTo => Some(impl_op!(char => as_char <= as_char)),
                 _ => None,
             };
         }
@@ -231,7 +230,7 @@ pub fn get_builtin_binary_op_fn(op: &str, x: &Dynamic, y: &Dynamic) -> Option<Fn
             use crate::Blob;
 
             return match op {
-                "+" => Some(|_, args| {
+                Token::Plus => Some(|_, args| {
                     let blob1 = &*args[0].read_lock::<Blob>().expect(BUILTIN);
                     let blob2 = &*args[1].read_lock::<Blob>().expect(BUILTIN);
 
@@ -245,16 +244,20 @@ pub fn get_builtin_binary_op_fn(op: &str, x: &Dynamic, y: &Dynamic) -> Option<Fn
                         blob
                     }))
                 }),
-                "==" => Some(impl_op!(Blob == Blob)),
+                Token::EqualsTo => Some(impl_op!(Blob == Blob)),
-                "!=" => Some(impl_op!(Blob != Blob)),
+                Token::NotEqualsTo => Some(impl_op!(Blob != Blob)),
                 _ => None,
             };
         }
 
         if type1 == TypeId::of::<()>() {
             return match op {
-                "==" => Some(|_, _| Ok(Dynamic::TRUE)),
+                Token::EqualsTo => Some(|_, _| Ok(Dynamic::TRUE)),
-                "!=" | ">" | ">=" | "<" | "<=" => Some(|_, _| Ok(Dynamic::FALSE)),
+                Token::NotEqualsTo
+                | Token::GreaterThan
+                | Token::GreaterThanEqualsTo
+                | Token::LessThan
+                | Token::LessThanEqualsTo => Some(|_, _| Ok(Dynamic::FALSE)),
                 _ => None,
             };
         }
@@ -265,18 +268,18 @@ pub fn get_builtin_binary_op_fn(op: &str, x: &Dynamic, y: &Dynamic) -> Option<Fn
         ($x:ty, $xx:ident, $y:ty, $yy:ident) => {
             if (type1, type2) == (TypeId::of::<$x>(), TypeId::of::<$y>()) {
                 return match op {
-                    "+" => Some(impl_op!(FLOAT => $xx + $yy)),
+                    Token::Plus                 => Some(impl_op!(FLOAT => $xx + $yy)),
-                    "-" => Some(impl_op!(FLOAT => $xx - $yy)),
+                    Token::Minus                => Some(impl_op!(FLOAT => $xx - $yy)),
-                    "*" => Some(impl_op!(FLOAT => $xx * $yy)),
+                    Token::Multiply             => Some(impl_op!(FLOAT => $xx * $yy)),
-                    "/" => Some(impl_op!(FLOAT => $xx / $yy)),
+                    Token::Divide               => Some(impl_op!(FLOAT => $xx / $yy)),
-                    "%" => Some(impl_op!(FLOAT => $xx % $yy)),
+                    Token::Modulo               => Some(impl_op!(FLOAT => $xx % $yy)),
-                    "**" => Some(impl_op!(FLOAT => $xx.powf($yy as FLOAT))),
+                    Token::PowerOf              => Some(impl_op!(FLOAT => $xx.powf($yy as FLOAT))),
-                    "==" => Some(impl_op!(FLOAT => $xx == $yy)),
+                    Token::EqualsTo             => Some(impl_op!(FLOAT => $xx == $yy)),
-                    "!=" => Some(impl_op!(FLOAT => $xx != $yy)),
+                    Token::NotEqualsTo          => Some(impl_op!(FLOAT => $xx != $yy)),
-                    ">" => Some(impl_op!(FLOAT => $xx > $yy)),
+                    Token::GreaterThan          => Some(impl_op!(FLOAT => $xx > $yy)),
-                    ">=" => Some(impl_op!(FLOAT => $xx >= $yy)),
+                    Token::GreaterThanEqualsTo  => Some(impl_op!(FLOAT => $xx >= $yy)),
-                    "<" => Some(impl_op!(FLOAT => $xx < $yy)),
+                    Token::LessThan             => Some(impl_op!(FLOAT => $xx < $yy)),
-                    "<=" => Some(impl_op!(FLOAT => $xx <= $yy)),
+                    Token::LessThanEqualsTo     => Some(impl_op!(FLOAT => $xx <= $yy)),
                     _ => None,
                 };
             }
@@ -299,12 +302,12 @@ pub fn get_builtin_binary_op_fn(op: &str, x: &Dynamic, y: &Dynamic) -> Option<Fn
 
                 #[cfg(not(feature = "unchecked"))]
                 match op {
-                    "+" => return Some(impl_op!(from Decimal => add($xx, $yy))),
+                    Token::Plus     => return Some(impl_op!(from Decimal => add($xx, $yy))),
-                    "-" => return Some(impl_op!(from Decimal => subtract($xx, $yy))),
+                    Token::Minus    => return Some(impl_op!(from Decimal => subtract($xx, $yy))),
-                    "*" => return Some(impl_op!(from Decimal => multiply($xx, $yy))),
+                    Token::Multiply => return Some(impl_op!(from Decimal => multiply($xx, $yy))),
-                    "/" => return Some(impl_op!(from Decimal => divide($xx, $yy))),
+                    Token::Divide   => return Some(impl_op!(from Decimal => divide($xx, $yy))),
-                    "%" => return Some(impl_op!(from Decimal => modulo($xx, $yy))),
+                    Token::Modulo   => return Some(impl_op!(from Decimal => modulo($xx, $yy))),
-                    "**" => return Some(impl_op!(from Decimal => power($xx, $yy))),
+                    Token::PowerOf  => return Some(impl_op!(from Decimal => power($xx, $yy))),
                     _ => ()
                 }
 
@@ -313,22 +316,22 @@ pub fn get_builtin_binary_op_fn(op: &str, x: &Dynamic, y: &Dynamic) -> Option<Fn
 
                 #[cfg(feature = "unchecked")]
                 match op {
-                    "+" => return Some(impl_op!(from Decimal => $xx + $yy)),
+                    Token::Plus     => return Some(impl_op!(from Decimal => $xx + $yy)),
-                    "-" => return Some(impl_op!(from Decimal => $xx - $yy)),
+                    Token::Minus    => return Some(impl_op!(from Decimal => $xx - $yy)),
-                    "*" => return Some(impl_op!(from Decimal => $xx * $yy)),
+                    Token::Multiply => return Some(impl_op!(from Decimal => $xx * $yy)),
-                    "/" => return Some(impl_op!(from Decimal => $xx / $yy)),
+                    Token::Divide   => return Some(impl_op!(from Decimal => $xx / $yy)),
-                    "%" => return Some(impl_op!(from Decimal => $xx % $yy)),
+                    Token::Modulo   => return Some(impl_op!(from Decimal => $xx % $yy)),
-                    "**" => return Some(impl_op!(from Decimal => $xx.powd($yy))),
+                    Token::PowerOf  => return Some(impl_op!(from Decimal => $xx.powd($yy))),
                     _ => ()
                 }
 
                 return match op {
-                    "==" => Some(impl_op!(from Decimal => $xx == $yy)),
+                     Token::EqualsTo            => Some(impl_op!(from Decimal => $xx == $yy)),
-                    "!=" => Some(impl_op!(from Decimal => $xx != $yy)),
+                     Token::NotEqualsTo         => Some(impl_op!(from Decimal => $xx != $yy)),
-                    ">" => Some(impl_op!(from Decimal => $xx > $yy)),
+                     Token::GreaterThan         => Some(impl_op!(from Decimal => $xx > $yy)),
-                    ">=" => Some(impl_op!(from Decimal => $xx >= $yy)),
+                     Token::GreaterThanEqualsTo => Some(impl_op!(from Decimal => $xx >= $yy)),
-                    "<" => Some(impl_op!(from Decimal => $xx < $yy)),
+                     Token::LessThan            => Some(impl_op!(from Decimal => $xx < $yy)),
-                    "<=" => Some(impl_op!(from Decimal => $xx <= $yy)),
+                     Token::LessThanEqualsTo    => Some(impl_op!(from Decimal => $xx <= $yy)),
                     _ =>  None
                 };
             }
@@ -354,17 +357,17 @@ pub fn get_builtin_binary_op_fn(op: &str, x: &Dynamic, y: &Dynamic) -> Option<Fn
         }
 
         return match op {
-            "+" => Some(|_, args| {
+            Token::Plus => Some(|_, args| {
                 let x = args[0].as_char().expect(BUILTIN);
                 let y = &*args[1].read_lock::<ImmutableString>().expect(BUILTIN);
                 Ok(format!("{x}{y}").into())
             }),
-            "==" => Some(impl_op!(get_s1s2(==))),
+            Token::EqualsTo => Some(impl_op!(get_s1s2(==))),
-            "!=" => Some(impl_op!(get_s1s2(!=))),
+            Token::NotEqualsTo => Some(impl_op!(get_s1s2(!=))),
-            ">" => Some(impl_op!(get_s1s2(>))),
+            Token::GreaterThan => Some(impl_op!(get_s1s2(>))),
-            ">=" => Some(impl_op!(get_s1s2(>=))),
+            Token::GreaterThanEqualsTo => Some(impl_op!(get_s1s2(>=))),
-            "<" => Some(impl_op!(get_s1s2(<))),
+            Token::LessThan => Some(impl_op!(get_s1s2(<))),
-            "<=" => Some(impl_op!(get_s1s2(<=))),
+            Token::LessThanEqualsTo => Some(impl_op!(get_s1s2(<=))),
             _ => None,
         };
     }
@@ -380,45 +383,48 @@ pub fn get_builtin_binary_op_fn(op: &str, x: &Dynamic, y: &Dynamic) -> Option<Fn
         }
 
         return match op {
-            "+" => Some(|_, args| {
+            Token::Plus => Some(|_, args| {
                 let x = &*args[0].read_lock::<ImmutableString>().expect(BUILTIN);
                 let y = args[1].as_char().expect(BUILTIN);
                 Ok((x + y).into())
             }),
-            "-" => Some(|_, args| {
+            Token::Minus => Some(|_, args| {
                 let x = &*args[0].read_lock::<ImmutableString>().expect(BUILTIN);
                 let y = args[1].as_char().expect(BUILTIN);
                 Ok((x - y).into())
             }),
-            "==" => Some(impl_op!(get_s1s2(==))),
+            Token::EqualsTo => Some(impl_op!(get_s1s2(==))),
-            "!=" => Some(impl_op!(get_s1s2(!=))),
+            Token::NotEqualsTo => Some(impl_op!(get_s1s2(!=))),
-            ">" => Some(impl_op!(get_s1s2(>))),
+            Token::GreaterThan => Some(impl_op!(get_s1s2(>))),
-            ">=" => Some(impl_op!(get_s1s2(>=))),
+            Token::GreaterThanEqualsTo => Some(impl_op!(get_s1s2(>=))),
-            "<" => Some(impl_op!(get_s1s2(<))),
+            Token::LessThan => Some(impl_op!(get_s1s2(<))),
-            "<=" => Some(impl_op!(get_s1s2(<=))),
+            Token::LessThanEqualsTo => Some(impl_op!(get_s1s2(<=))),
-            OP_CONTAINS => Some(|_, args| {
-                let s = &*args[0].read_lock::<ImmutableString>().expect(BUILTIN);
-                let c = args[1].as_char().expect(BUILTIN);
-                Ok(s.contains(c).into())
-            }),
             _ => None,
         };
     }
     // () op string
     if (type1, type2) == (TypeId::of::<()>(), TypeId::of::<ImmutableString>()) {
         return match op {
-            "+" => Some(|_, args| Ok(args[1].clone())),
+            Token::Plus => Some(|_, args| Ok(args[1].clone())),
-            "==" | ">" | ">=" | "<" | "<=" => Some(|_, _| Ok(Dynamic::FALSE)),
+            Token::EqualsTo
-            "!=" => Some(|_, _| Ok(Dynamic::TRUE)),
+            | Token::GreaterThan
+            | Token::GreaterThanEqualsTo
+            | Token::LessThan
+            | Token::LessThanEqualsTo => Some(|_, _| Ok(Dynamic::FALSE)),
+            Token::NotEqualsTo => Some(|_, _| Ok(Dynamic::TRUE)),
             _ => None,
         };
     }
     // string op ()
     if (type1, type2) == (TypeId::of::<ImmutableString>(), TypeId::of::<()>()) {
         return match op {
-            "+" => Some(|_, args| Ok(args[0].clone())),
+            Token::Plus => Some(|_, args| Ok(args[0].clone())),
-            "==" | ">" | ">=" | "<" | "<=" => Some(|_, _| Ok(Dynamic::FALSE)),
+            Token::EqualsTo
-            "!=" => Some(|_, _| Ok(Dynamic::TRUE)),
+            | Token::GreaterThan
+            | Token::GreaterThanEqualsTo
+            | Token::LessThan
+            | Token::LessThanEqualsTo => Some(|_, _| Ok(Dynamic::FALSE)),
+            Token::NotEqualsTo => Some(|_, _| Ok(Dynamic::TRUE)),
             _ => None,
         };
     }
@@ -428,19 +434,9 @@ pub fn get_builtin_binary_op_fn(op: &str, x: &Dynamic, y: &Dynamic) -> Option<Fn
     if type1 == TypeId::of::<crate::Blob>() {
         use crate::Blob;
 
-        if type2 == TypeId::of::<INT>() {
-            return match op {
-                OP_CONTAINS => Some(|_, args| {
-                    let blob = &*args[0].read_lock::<Blob>().expect(BUILTIN);
-                    let x = (args[1].as_int().expect("`INT`") & 0x0000_00ff) as u8;
-                    Ok((!blob.is_empty() && blob.contains(&x)).into())
-                }),
-                _ => None,
-            };
-        }
         if type2 == TypeId::of::<char>() {
             return match op {
-                "+" => Some(|_, args| {
+                Token::Plus => Some(|_, args| {
                     let mut buf = [0_u8; 4];
                     let mut blob = args[0].read_lock::<Blob>().expect(BUILTIN).clone();
                     let x = args[1].as_char().expect("`char`").encode_utf8(&mut buf);
@@ -452,17 +448,6 @@ pub fn get_builtin_binary_op_fn(op: &str, x: &Dynamic, y: &Dynamic) -> Option<Fn
         }
     }
 
-    // map op string
-    #[cfg(not(feature = "no_object"))]
-    if (type1, type2) == (TypeId::of::<crate::Map>(), TypeId::of::<ImmutableString>()) {
-        use crate::Map;
-
-        return match op {
-            OP_CONTAINS => Some(impl_op!(Map.contains_key(ImmutableString.as_str()))),
-            _ => None,
-        };
-    }
-
     // Non-compatible ranges
     if (type1, type2)
         == (
@@ -476,48 +461,28 @@ pub fn get_builtin_binary_op_fn(op: &str, x: &Dynamic, y: &Dynamic) -> Option<Fn
             )
     {
         return match op {
-            "!=" => Some(|_, _| Ok(Dynamic::TRUE)),
+            Token::NotEqualsTo => Some(|_, _| Ok(Dynamic::TRUE)),
-            "==" => Some(|_, _| Ok(Dynamic::FALSE)),
+            Token::Equals => Some(|_, _| Ok(Dynamic::FALSE)),
             _ => None,
         };
     }
 
     // Handle ranges here because ranges are implemented as custom type
     if type1 == TypeId::of::<ExclusiveRange>() {
-        if type2 == TypeId::of::<INT>() {
-            return match op {
-                OP_CONTAINS => Some(|_, args| {
-                    let range = &*args[0].read_lock::<ExclusiveRange>().expect(BUILTIN);
-                    let x = args[1].as_int().expect("`INT`");
-                    Ok(range.contains(&x).into())
-                }),
-                _ => None,
-            };
-        }
         if type1 == type2 {
             return match op {
-                "==" => Some(impl_op!(ExclusiveRange == ExclusiveRange)),
+                Token::EqualsTo => Some(impl_op!(ExclusiveRange == ExclusiveRange)),
-                "!=" => Some(impl_op!(ExclusiveRange != ExclusiveRange)),
+                Token::NotEqualsTo => Some(impl_op!(ExclusiveRange != ExclusiveRange)),
                 _ => None,
             };
         }
     }
 
     if type1 == TypeId::of::<InclusiveRange>() {
-        if type2 == TypeId::of::<INT>() {
-            return match op {
-                OP_CONTAINS => Some(|_, args| {
-                    let range = &*args[0].read_lock::<InclusiveRange>().expect(BUILTIN);
-                    let x = args[1].as_int().expect("`INT`");
-                    Ok(range.contains(&x).into())
-                }),
-                _ => None,
-            };
-        }
         if type1 == type2 {
             return match op {
-                "==" => Some(impl_op!(InclusiveRange == InclusiveRange)),
+                Token::EqualsTo => Some(impl_op!(InclusiveRange == InclusiveRange)),
-                "!=" => Some(impl_op!(InclusiveRange != InclusiveRange)),
+                Token::NotEqualsTo => Some(impl_op!(InclusiveRange != InclusiveRange)),
                 _ => None,
             };
         }
@@ -531,8 +496,12 @@ pub fn get_builtin_binary_op_fn(op: &str, x: &Dynamic, y: &Dynamic) -> Option<Fn
         } else if type1 != type2 {
             // If the types are not the same, default to not compare
             match op {
-                "!=" => Some(|_, _| Ok(Dynamic::TRUE)),
+                Token::NotEqualsTo => Some(|_, _| Ok(Dynamic::TRUE)),
-                "==" | ">" | ">=" | "<" | "<=" => Some(|_, _| Ok(Dynamic::FALSE)),
+                Token::EqualsTo
+                | Token::GreaterThan
+                | Token::GreaterThanEqualsTo
+                | Token::LessThan
+                | Token::LessThanEqualsTo => Some(|_, _| Ok(Dynamic::FALSE)),
                 _ => None,
             }
         } else {
@@ -544,8 +513,12 @@ pub fn get_builtin_binary_op_fn(op: &str, x: &Dynamic, y: &Dynamic) -> Option<Fn
     // Default comparison operators for different types
     if type2 != type1 {
         return match op {
-            "!=" => Some(|_, _| Ok(Dynamic::TRUE)),
+            Token::NotEqualsTo => Some(|_, _| Ok(Dynamic::TRUE)),
-            "==" | ">" | ">=" | "<" | "<=" => Some(|_, _| Ok(Dynamic::FALSE)),
+            Token::EqualsTo
+            | Token::GreaterThan
+            | Token::GreaterThanEqualsTo
+            | Token::LessThan
+            | Token::LessThanEqualsTo => Some(|_, _| Ok(Dynamic::FALSE)),
             _ => None,
         };
     }
@@ -558,7 +531,7 @@ pub fn get_builtin_binary_op_fn(op: &str, x: &Dynamic, y: &Dynamic) -> Option<Fn
 ///
 /// The return function is registered as a _method_, so the first parameter cannot be consumed.
 #[must_use]
-pub fn get_builtin_op_assignment_fn(op: &str, x: &Dynamic, y: &Dynamic) -> Option<FnBuiltin> {
+pub fn get_builtin_op_assignment_fn(op: &Token, x: &Dynamic, y: &Dynamic) -> Option<FnBuiltin> {
     let type1 = x.type_id();
     let type2 = y.type_id();
 
@@ -610,49 +583,51 @@ pub fn get_builtin_op_assignment_fn(op: &str, x: &Dynamic, y: &Dynamic) -> Optio
 
             #[cfg(not(feature = "unchecked"))]
             match op {
-                "+=" => return Some(impl_op!(INT => add(as_int, as_int))),
+                Token::PlusAssign => return Some(impl_op!(INT => add(as_int, as_int))),
-                "-=" => return Some(impl_op!(INT => subtract(as_int, as_int))),
+                Token::MinusAssign => return Some(impl_op!(INT => subtract(as_int, as_int))),
-                "*=" => return Some(impl_op!(INT => multiply(as_int, as_int))),
+                Token::MultiplyAssign => return Some(impl_op!(INT => multiply(as_int, as_int))),
-                "/=" => return Some(impl_op!(INT => divide(as_int, as_int))),
+                Token::DivideAssign => return Some(impl_op!(INT => divide(as_int, as_int))),
-                "%=" => return Some(impl_op!(INT => modulo(as_int, as_int))),
+                Token::ModuloAssign => return Some(impl_op!(INT => modulo(as_int, as_int))),
-                "**=" => return Some(impl_op!(INT => power(as_int, as_int))),
+                Token::PowerOfAssign => return Some(impl_op!(INT => power(as_int, as_int))),
-                ">>=" => return Some(impl_op!(INT => shift_right(as_int, as_int))),
+                Token::RightShiftAssign => {
-                "<<=" => return Some(impl_op!(INT => shift_left(as_int, as_int))),
+                    return Some(impl_op!(INT => shift_right(as_int, as_int)))
+                }
+                Token::LeftShiftAssign => return Some(impl_op!(INT => shift_left(as_int, as_int))),
                 _ => (),
             }
 
             #[cfg(feature = "unchecked")]
             match op {
-                "+=" => return Some(impl_op!(INT += as_int)),
+                Token::PlusAssign => return Some(impl_op!(INT += as_int)),
-                "-=" => return Some(impl_op!(INT -= as_int)),
+                Token::MinusAssign => return Some(impl_op!(INT -= as_int)),
-                "*=" => return Some(impl_op!(INT *= as_int)),
+                Token::MultiplyAssign => return Some(impl_op!(INT *= as_int)),
-                "/=" => return Some(impl_op!(INT /= as_int)),
+                Token::DivideAssign => return Some(impl_op!(INT /= as_int)),
-                "%=" => return Some(impl_op!(INT %= as_int)),
+                Token::ModuloAssign => return Some(impl_op!(INT %= as_int)),
-                "**=" => return Some(impl_op!(INT => as_int.pow(as_int as u32))),
+                Token::PowerOfAssign => return Some(impl_op!(INT => as_int.pow(as_int as u32))),
-                ">>=" => return Some(impl_op!(INT >>= as_int)),
+                Token::RightShiftAssign => return Some(impl_op!(INT >>= as_int)),
-                "<<=" => return Some(impl_op!(INT <<= as_int)),
+                Token::LeftShiftAssign => return Some(impl_op!(INT <<= as_int)),
                 _ => (),
             }
 
             return match op {
-                "&=" => Some(impl_op!(INT &= as_int)),
+                Token::AndAssign => Some(impl_op!(INT &= as_int)),
-                "|=" => Some(impl_op!(INT |= as_int)),
+                Token::OrAssign => Some(impl_op!(INT |= as_int)),
-                "^=" => Some(impl_op!(INT ^= as_int)),
+                Token::XOrAssign => Some(impl_op!(INT ^= as_int)),
                 _ => None,
             };
         }
 
         if type1 == TypeId::of::<bool>() {
             return match op {
-                "&=" => Some(impl_op!(bool = x && as_bool)),
+                Token::AndAssign => Some(impl_op!(bool = x && as_bool)),
-                "|=" => Some(impl_op!(bool = x || as_bool)),
+                Token::OrAssign => Some(impl_op!(bool = x || as_bool)),
                 _ => None,
             };
         }
 
         if type1 == TypeId::of::<char>() {
             return match op {
-                "+=" => Some(|_, args| {
+                Token::PlusAssign => Some(|_, args| {
                     let y = args[1].as_char().expect(BUILTIN);
                     let x = &mut *args[0].write_lock::<Dynamic>().expect(BUILTIN);
                     Ok((*x = format!("{x}{y}").into()).into())
@@ -663,13 +638,13 @@ pub fn get_builtin_op_assignment_fn(op: &str, x: &Dynamic, y: &Dynamic) -> Optio
 
         if type1 == TypeId::of::<ImmutableString>() {
             return match op {
-                "+=" => Some(|_, args| {
+                Token::PlusAssign => Some(|_, args| {
                     let (first, second) = args.split_first_mut().expect(BUILTIN);
                     let x = &mut *first.write_lock::<ImmutableString>().expect(BUILTIN);
                     let y = std::mem::take(second[0]).cast::<ImmutableString>();
                     Ok((*x += y).into())
                 }),
-                "-=" => Some(|_, args| {
+                Token::MinusAssign => Some(|_, args| {
                     let (first, second) = args.split_first_mut().expect(BUILTIN);
                     let x = &mut *first.write_lock::<ImmutableString>().expect(BUILTIN);
                     let y = std::mem::take(second[0]).cast::<ImmutableString>();
@@ -684,7 +659,7 @@ pub fn get_builtin_op_assignment_fn(op: &str, x: &Dynamic, y: &Dynamic) -> Optio
             use crate::Blob;
 
             return match op {
-                "+=" => Some(|_, args| {
+                Token::PlusAssign => Some(|_, args| {
                     let blob2 = std::mem::take(args[1]).cast::<Blob>();
                     let blob1 = &mut *args[0].write_lock::<Blob>().expect(BUILTIN);
                     Ok(crate::packages::blob_basic::blob_functions::append(blob1, blob2).into())
@@ -699,12 +674,12 @@ pub fn get_builtin_op_assignment_fn(op: &str, x: &Dynamic, y: &Dynamic) -> Optio
         ($x:ident, $xx:ident, $y:ty, $yy:ident) => {
             if (type1, type2) == (TypeId::of::<$x>(), TypeId::of::<$y>()) {
                 return match op {
-                    "+=" => Some(impl_op!($x += $yy)),
+                    Token::PlusAssign       => Some(impl_op!($x += $yy)),
-                    "-=" => Some(impl_op!($x -= $yy)),
+                    Token::MinusAssign      => Some(impl_op!($x -= $yy)),
-                    "*=" => Some(impl_op!($x *= $yy)),
+                    Token::MultiplyAssign   => Some(impl_op!($x *= $yy)),
-                    "/=" => Some(impl_op!($x /= $yy)),
+                    Token::DivideAssign     => Some(impl_op!($x /= $yy)),
-                    "%=" => Some(impl_op!($x %= $yy)),
+                    Token::ModuloAssign     => Some(impl_op!($x %= $yy)),
-                    "**=" => Some(impl_op!($x => $xx.powf($yy as $x))),
+                    Token::PowerOfAssign    => Some(impl_op!($x => $xx.powf($yy as $x))),
                     _ => None,
                 };
             }
@@ -726,12 +701,12 @@ pub fn get_builtin_op_assignment_fn(op: &str, x: &Dynamic, y: &Dynamic) -> Optio
 
                 #[cfg(not(feature = "unchecked"))]
                 return match op {
-                    "+=" => Some(impl_op!(from $x => add($xx, $yy))),
+                    Token::PlusAssign       => Some(impl_op!(from $x => add($xx, $yy))),
-                    "-=" => Some(impl_op!(from $x => subtract($xx, $yy))),
+                    Token::MinusAssign      => Some(impl_op!(from $x => subtract($xx, $yy))),
-                    "*=" => Some(impl_op!(from $x => multiply($xx, $yy))),
+                    Token::MultiplyAssign   => Some(impl_op!(from $x => multiply($xx, $yy))),
-                    "/=" => Some(impl_op!(from $x => divide($xx, $yy))),
+                    Token::DivideAssign     => Some(impl_op!(from $x => divide($xx, $yy))),
-                    "%=" => Some(impl_op!(from $x => modulo($xx, $yy))),
+                    Token::ModuloAssign     => Some(impl_op!(from $x => modulo($xx, $yy))),
-                    "**=" => Some(impl_op!(from $x => power($xx, $yy))),
+                    Token::PowerOfAssign    => Some(impl_op!(from $x => power($xx, $yy))),
                     _ => None,
                 };
 
@@ -740,12 +715,12 @@ pub fn get_builtin_op_assignment_fn(op: &str, x: &Dynamic, y: &Dynamic) -> Optio
 
                 #[cfg(feature = "unchecked")]
                 return match op {
-                    "+=" => Some(impl_op!(from $x += $yy)),
+                    Token::PlusAssign     => Some(impl_op!(from $x += $yy)),
-                    "-=" => Some(impl_op!(from $x -= $yy)),
+                    Token::MinusAssign    => Some(impl_op!(from $x -= $yy)),
-                    "*=" => Some(impl_op!(from $x *= $yy)),
+                    Token::MultiplyAssign => Some(impl_op!(from $x *= $yy)),
-                    "/=" => Some(impl_op!(from $x /= $yy)),
+                    Token::DivideAssign   => Some(impl_op!(from $x /= $yy)),
-                    "%=" => Some(impl_op!(from $x %= $yy)),
+                    Token::ModuloAssign   => Some(impl_op!(from $x %= $yy)),
-                    "**=" => Some(impl_op!(from $x => $xx.powd($yy))),
+                    Token::PowerOfAssign  => Some(impl_op!(from $x => $xx.powd($yy))),
                     _ =>  None,
                 };
             }
@@ -761,15 +736,15 @@ pub fn get_builtin_op_assignment_fn(op: &str, x: &Dynamic, y: &Dynamic) -> Optio
     // string op= char
     if (type1, type2) == (TypeId::of::<ImmutableString>(), TypeId::of::<char>()) {
         return match op {
-            "+=" => Some(impl_op!(ImmutableString += as_char as char)),
+            Token::PlusAssign => Some(impl_op!(ImmutableString += as_char as char)),
-            "-=" => Some(impl_op!(ImmutableString -= as_char as char)),
+            Token::MinusAssign => Some(impl_op!(ImmutableString -= as_char as char)),
             _ => None,
         };
     }
     // char op= string
     if (type1, type2) == (TypeId::of::<char>(), TypeId::of::<ImmutableString>()) {
         return match op {
-            "+=" => Some(|_, args| {
+            Token::PlusAssign => Some(|_, args| {
                 let mut ch = args[0].as_char().expect(BUILTIN).to_string();
                 ch.push_str(
                     args[1]
@@ -793,7 +768,7 @@ pub fn get_builtin_op_assignment_fn(op: &str, x: &Dynamic, y: &Dynamic) -> Optio
 
         if type2 == TypeId::of::<crate::Array>() {
             return match op {
-                "+=" => Some(|_, args| {
+                Token::PlusAssign => Some(|_, args| {
                     let array2 = std::mem::take(args[1]).cast::<Array>();
                     let array1 = &mut *args[0].write_lock::<Array>().expect(BUILTIN);
                     Ok(append(array1, array2).into())
@@ -802,7 +777,7 @@ pub fn get_builtin_op_assignment_fn(op: &str, x: &Dynamic, y: &Dynamic) -> Optio
             };
         }
         return match op {
-            "+=" => Some(|_, args| {
+            Token::PlusAssign => Some(|_, args| {
                 let x = std::mem::take(args[1]);
                 let array = &mut *args[0].write_lock::<Array>().expect(BUILTIN);
                 Ok(push(array, x).into())
@@ -818,7 +793,7 @@ pub fn get_builtin_op_assignment_fn(op: &str, x: &Dynamic, y: &Dynamic) -> Optio
         // blob op= int
         if (type1, type2) == (TypeId::of::<Blob>(), TypeId::of::<INT>()) {
             return match op {
-                "+=" => Some(|_, args| {
+                Token::PlusAssign => Some(|_, args| {
                     let x = args[1].as_int().expect("`INT`");
                     let blob = &mut *args[0].write_lock::<Blob>().expect(BUILTIN);
                     Ok(crate::packages::blob_basic::blob_functions::push(blob, x).into())
@@ -830,7 +805,7 @@ pub fn get_builtin_op_assignment_fn(op: &str, x: &Dynamic, y: &Dynamic) -> Optio
         // blob op= char
         if (type1, type2) == (TypeId::of::<Blob>(), TypeId::of::<char>()) {
             return match op {
-                "+=" => Some(|_, args| {
+                Token::PlusAssign => Some(|_, args| {
                     let x = args[1].as_char().expect("`char`");
                     let blob = &mut *args[0].write_lock::<Blob>().expect(BUILTIN);
                     Ok(crate::packages::blob_basic::blob_functions::append_char(blob, x).into())
@@ -842,7 +817,7 @@ pub fn get_builtin_op_assignment_fn(op: &str, x: &Dynamic, y: &Dynamic) -> Optio
         // blob op= string
         if (type1, type2) == (TypeId::of::<Blob>(), TypeId::of::<ImmutableString>()) {
             return match op {
-                "+=" => Some(|_, args| {
+                Token::PlusAssign => Some(|_, args| {
                     let s = std::mem::take(args[1]).cast::<ImmutableString>();
                     let blob = &mut *args[0].write_lock::<Blob>().expect(BUILTIN);
                     Ok(crate::packages::blob_basic::blob_functions::append_str(blob, &s).into())

src/func/call.rs

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ use crate::engine::{
     KEYWORD_IS_DEF_VAR, KEYWORD_PRINT, KEYWORD_TYPE_OF,
 };
 use crate::eval::{Caches, FnResolutionCacheEntry, GlobalRuntimeState};
+use crate::tokenizer::Token;
 use crate::{
     calc_fn_hash, calc_fn_params_hash, combine_hashes, Dynamic, Engine, FnArgsVec, FnPtr,
     ImmutableString, Module, OptimizationLevel, Position, RhaiError, RhaiResult, RhaiResultOf,
@@ -191,7 +192,7 @@ impl Engine {
         hash_base: u64,
         args: Option<&mut FnCallArgs>,
         allow_dynamic: bool,
-        is_op_assignment: bool,
+        op_assignment_token: Option<&Token>,
     ) -> Option<&'s FnResolutionCacheEntry> {
         if hash_base == 0 {
             return None;
@@ -279,22 +280,23 @@ impl Engine {
 
                         // Try to find a built-in version
                         let builtin = args.and_then(|args| {
-                            if is_op_assignment {
+                            if let Some(op_assign) = op_assignment_token {
                                 let (first_arg, rest_args) = args.split_first().unwrap();
 
-                                get_builtin_op_assignment_fn(fn_name, *first_arg, rest_args[0]).map(
+                                get_builtin_op_assignment_fn(op_assign, *first_arg, rest_args[0])
-                                    |f| FnResolutionCacheEntry {
+                                    .map(|f| FnResolutionCacheEntry {
                                         func: CallableFunction::from_fn_builtin(f),
                                         source: None,
-                                    },
+                                    })
-                                )
+                            } else if let Some(ref operator) = Token::lookup_from_syntax(fn_name) {
-                            } else {
+                                get_builtin_binary_op_fn(operator, args[0], args[1]).map(|f| {
-                                get_builtin_binary_op_fn(fn_name, args[0], args[1]).map(|f| {
                                     FnResolutionCacheEntry {
                                         func: CallableFunction::from_fn_builtin(f),
                                         source: None,
                                     }
                                 })
+                            } else {
+                                None
                             }
                         });
 
@@ -360,6 +362,11 @@ impl Engine {
         self.inc_operations(&mut global.num_operations, pos)?;
 
         let parent_source = global.source.clone();
+        let op_assign = if is_op_assign {
+            Token::lookup_from_syntax(name)
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
 
         // Check if function access already in the cache
         let local_entry = &mut None;
@@ -373,7 +380,7 @@ impl Engine {
             hash,
             Some(args),
             true,
-            is_op_assign,
+            op_assign.as_ref(),
         );
 
         if func.is_some() {
@@ -653,7 +660,7 @@ impl Engine {
                 hashes.script,
                 None,
                 false,
-                false,
+                None,
             )
             .cloned()
         {
@@ -993,7 +1000,7 @@ impl Engine {
         args_expr: &[Expr],
         hashes: FnCallHashes,
         capture_scope: bool,
-        is_operator: bool,
+        operator_token: Option<&Token>,
         pos: Position,
         level: usize,
     ) -> RhaiResult {
@@ -1006,7 +1013,7 @@ impl Engine {
         let redirected; // Handle call() - Redirect function call
 
         match name {
-            _ if is_operator => (),
+            _ if operator_token.is_some() => (),
 
             // Handle call()
             KEYWORD_FN_PTR_CALL if total_args >= 1 => {

src/func/callable_function.rs

@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ impl CallableFunction {
             Self::Script(..) => None,
         }
     }
-    /// Create a new [`CallableFunction::Method`] from `FnBuiltin`.
+    /// Create a new [`CallableFunction::Method`] from a [built-in function][`FnBuiltin`].
     #[inline(always)]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn from_fn_builtin(func: FnBuiltin) -> Self {

src/module/resolvers/file.rs

@@ -194,8 +194,8 @@ impl FileModuleResolver {
     /// Get a reference to the file module resolver's [scope][Scope].
     ///
     /// The [scope][Scope] is used for compiling module scripts.
-    #[must_use]
     #[inline(always)]
+    #[must_use]
     pub const fn scope(&self) -> &Scope {
         &self.scope
     }
@@ -211,8 +211,8 @@ impl FileModuleResolver {
     /// Get a mutable reference to the file module resolver's [scope][Scope].
     ///
     /// The [scope][Scope] is used for compiling module scripts.
-    #[must_use]
     #[inline(always)]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn scope_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Scope<'static> {
         &mut self.scope
     }

src/optimizer.rs

@@ -1181,8 +1181,8 @@ fn optimize_expr(expr: &mut Expr, state: &mut OptimizerState, _chaining: bool) {
                     return;
                 }
                 // Overloaded operators can override built-in.
-                _ if x.args.len() == 2 && (state.engine.fast_operators() || !has_native_fn_override(state.engine, x.hashes.native, &arg_types)) => {
+                _ if x.args.len() == 2 && x.operator_token.is_some() && (state.engine.fast_operators() || !has_native_fn_override(state.engine, x.hashes.native, &arg_types)) => {
-                    if let Some(result) = get_builtin_binary_op_fn(&x.name, &arg_values[0], &arg_values[1])
+                    if let Some(result) = get_builtin_binary_op_fn(x.operator_token.as_ref().unwrap(), &arg_values[0], &arg_values[1])
                         .and_then(|f| {
                             #[cfg(not(feature = "no_function"))]
                             let lib = state.lib;
@@ -1229,12 +1229,12 @@ fn optimize_expr(expr: &mut Expr, state: &mut OptimizerState, _chaining: bool) {
         => {
             // First search for script-defined functions (can override built-in)
             #[cfg(not(feature = "no_function"))]
-            let has_script_fn = state.lib.iter().copied().any(|m| m.get_script_fn(&x.name, x.args.len()).is_some());
+            let has_script_fn = state.lib.iter().find_map(|&m| m.get_script_fn(&x.name, x.args.len())).is_some();
             #[cfg(feature = "no_function")]
             let has_script_fn = false;
 
             if !has_script_fn {
-                let arg_values = &mut x.args.iter().map(|e| e.get_literal_value().unwrap()).collect::<StaticVec<_>>();
+                let arg_values = &mut x.args.iter().map(Expr::get_literal_value).collect::<Option<StaticVec<_>>>().unwrap();
 
                 let result = match x.name.as_str() {
                     KEYWORD_TYPE_OF if arg_values.len() == 1 => Some(state.engine.map_type_name(arg_values[0].type_name()).into()),

src/packages/blob_basic.rs

@@ -146,6 +146,21 @@ pub mod blob_functions {
     pub fn is_empty(blob: &mut Blob) -> bool {
         blob.len() == 0
     }
+    /// Return `true` if the BLOB contains a specified byte value.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rhai
+    /// let text = "hello, world!";
+    ///
+    /// print(text.contains('h'));      // prints true
+    ///
+    /// print(text.contains('x'));      // prints false
+    /// ```
+    #[rhai_fn(name = "contains")]
+    pub fn contains(blob: &mut Blob, value: INT) -> bool {
+        blob.contains(&((value & 0x0000_00ff) as u8))
+    }
     /// Get the byte value at the `index` position in the BLOB.
     ///
     /// * If `index` < 0, position counts from the end of the BLOB (`-1` is the last element).

src/packages/iter_basic.rs

@@ -668,6 +668,12 @@ mod range_functions {
     pub fn is_empty_exclusive(range: &mut ExclusiveRange) -> bool {
         range.is_empty()
     }
+    /// Return `true` if the range contains a specified value.
+    #[rhai_fn(name = "contains")]
+    pub fn contains_exclusive(range: &mut ExclusiveRange, value: INT) -> bool {
+        range.contains(&value)
+    }
+
     /// Return the start of the inclusive range.
     #[rhai_fn(get = "start", name = "start", pure)]
     pub fn start_inclusive(range: &mut InclusiveRange) -> INT {
@@ -695,4 +701,9 @@ mod range_functions {
     pub fn is_empty_inclusive(range: &mut InclusiveRange) -> bool {
         range.is_empty()
     }
+    /// Return `true` if the range contains a specified value.
+    #[rhai_fn(name = "contains")]
+    pub fn contains_inclusive(range: &mut InclusiveRange, value: INT) -> bool {
+        range.contains(&value)
+    }
 }

src/packages/map_basic.rs

@@ -30,6 +30,20 @@ mod map_functions {
     pub fn is_empty(map: &mut Map) -> bool {
         map.len() == 0
     }
+    /// Returns `true` if the object map contains a specified property.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rhai
+    /// let m = #{a: 1, b: 2, c: 3};
+    ///
+    /// print(m.contains("b"));     // prints true
+    ///
+    /// print(m.contains("x"));     // prints false
+    /// ```
+    pub fn contains(map: &mut Map, property: &str) -> bool {
+        map.contains_key(property)
+    }
     /// Get the value of the `property` in the object map and return a copy.
     ///
     /// If `property` does not exist in the object map, `()` is returned.

src/packages/string_more.rs

@@ -506,6 +506,37 @@ mod string_functions {
         *character = to_lower_char(*character);
     }
 
+    /// Return `true` if the string contains a specified string.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rhai
+    /// let text = "hello, world!";
+    ///
+    /// print(text.contains("hello"));  // prints true
+    ///
+    /// print(text.contains("hey"));    // prints false
+    /// ```
+    pub fn contains(string: &str, match_string: &str) -> bool {
+        string.contains(match_string)
+    }
+
+    /// Return `true` if the string contains a specified character.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rhai
+    /// let text = "hello, world!";
+    ///
+    /// print(text.contains('h'));      // prints true
+    ///
+    /// print(text.contains('x'));      // prints false
+    /// ```
+    #[rhai_fn(name = "contains")]
+    pub fn contains_char(string: &str, character: char) -> bool {
+        string.contains(character).into()
+    }
+
     /// Return `true` if the string starts with a specified string.
     ///
     /// # Example

src/parser.rs

@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ fn match_token(input: &mut TokenStream, token: Token) -> (bool, Position) {
 fn parse_var_name(input: &mut TokenStream) -> ParseResult<(SmartString, Position)> {
     match input.next().expect(NEVER_ENDS) {
         // Variable name
-        (Token::Identifier(s), pos) => Ok((s, pos)),
+        (Token::Identifier(s), pos) => Ok((*s, pos)),
         // Reserved keyword
         (Token::Reserved(s), pos) if is_valid_identifier(s.chars()) => {
             Err(PERR::Reserved(s.to_string()).into_err(pos))
@@ -492,7 +492,7 @@ fn parse_symbol(input: &mut TokenStream) -> ParseResult<(SmartString, Position)>
         // Symbol
         (token, pos) if token.is_standard_symbol() => Ok((token.literal_syntax().into(), pos)),
         // Reserved symbol
-        (Token::Reserved(s), pos) if !is_valid_identifier(s.chars()) => Ok((s, pos)),
+        (Token::Reserved(s), pos) if !is_valid_identifier(s.chars()) => Ok((*s, pos)),
         // Bad symbol
         (Token::LexError(err), pos) => Err(err.into_err(pos)),
         // Not a symbol
@@ -616,7 +616,7 @@ impl Engine {
                 return Ok(FnCallExpr {
                     name: state.get_interned_string(id),
                     capture_parent_scope,
-                    is_native_operator: false,
+                    operator_token: None,
                     #[cfg(not(feature = "no_module"))]
                     namespace,
                     hashes,
@@ -684,7 +684,7 @@ impl Engine {
                     return Ok(FnCallExpr {
                         name: state.get_interned_string(id),
                         capture_parent_scope,
-                        is_native_operator: false,
+                        operator_token: None,
                         #[cfg(not(feature = "no_module"))]
                         namespace,
                         hashes,
@@ -1000,10 +1000,10 @@ impl Engine {
 
             let (name, pos) = match input.next().expect(NEVER_ENDS) {
                 (Token::Identifier(s) | Token::StringConstant(s), pos) => {
-                    if map.iter().any(|(p, ..)| **p == s) {
+                    if map.iter().any(|(p, ..)| **p == *s) {
                         return Err(PERR::DuplicatedProperty(s.to_string()).into_err(pos));
                     }
-                    (s, pos)
+                    (*s, pos)
                 }
                 (Token::InterpolatedString(..), pos) => {
                     return Err(PERR::PropertyExpected.into_err(pos))
@@ -1342,7 +1342,7 @@ impl Engine {
                 Token::IntegerConstant(x) => Expr::IntegerConstant(x, settings.pos),
                 Token::CharConstant(c) => Expr::CharConstant(c, settings.pos),
                 Token::StringConstant(s) => {
-                    Expr::StringConstant(state.get_interned_string(s), settings.pos)
+                    Expr::StringConstant(state.get_interned_string(*s), settings.pos)
                 }
                 Token::True => Expr::BoolConstant(true, settings.pos),
                 Token::False => Expr::BoolConstant(false, settings.pos),
@@ -1356,7 +1356,7 @@ impl Engine {
             }
             #[cfg(feature = "decimal")]
             Token::DecimalConstant(x) => {
-                let x = (*x).into();
+                let x = (**x).into();
                 input.next();
                 Expr::DynamicConstant(Box::new(x), settings.pos)
             }
@@ -1479,7 +1479,7 @@ impl Engine {
                 match input.next().expect(NEVER_ENDS) {
                     (Token::InterpolatedString(s), ..) if s.is_empty() => (),
                     (Token::InterpolatedString(s), pos) => {
-                        segments.push(Expr::StringConstant(s.into(), pos))
+                        segments.push(Expr::StringConstant(state.get_interned_string(*s), pos))
                     }
                     token => {
                         unreachable!("Token::InterpolatedString expected but gets {:?}", token)
@@ -1502,14 +1502,16 @@ impl Engine {
                     match input.next().expect(NEVER_ENDS) {
                         (Token::StringConstant(s), pos) => {
                             if !s.is_empty() {
-                                segments.push(Expr::StringConstant(s.into(), pos));
+                                segments
+                                    .push(Expr::StringConstant(state.get_interned_string(*s), pos));
                             }
                             // End the interpolated string if it is terminated by a back-tick.
                             break;
                         }
                         (Token::InterpolatedString(s), pos) => {
                             if !s.is_empty() {
-                                segments.push(Expr::StringConstant(s.into(), pos));
+                                segments
+                                    .push(Expr::StringConstant(state.get_interned_string(*s), pos));
                             }
                         }
                         (Token::LexError(err), pos)
@@ -1574,7 +1576,7 @@ impl Engine {
                             state.allow_capture = true;
                         }
                         Expr::Variable(
-                            (None, ns, 0, state.get_interned_string(s)).into(),
+                            (None, ns, 0, state.get_interned_string(*s)).into(),
                             None,
                             settings.pos,
                         )
@@ -1587,7 +1589,7 @@ impl Engine {
                             // Once the identifier consumed we must enable next variables capturing
                             state.allow_capture = true;
                         }
-                        let name = state.get_interned_string(s);
+                        let name = state.get_interned_string(*s);
                         Expr::Variable((None, ns, 0, name).into(), None, settings.pos)
                     }
                     // Normal variable access
@@ -1612,7 +1614,7 @@ impl Engine {
                                 None
                             }
                         });
-                        let name = state.get_interned_string(s);
+                        let name = state.get_interned_string(*s);
                         Expr::Variable((index, ns, 0, name).into(), short_index, settings.pos)
                     }
                 }
@@ -1634,7 +1636,7 @@ impl Engine {
                     // Function call is allowed to have reserved keyword
                     Token::LeftParen | Token::Bang | Token::Unit if is_keyword_function(&s) => {
                         Expr::Variable(
-                            (None, ns, 0, state.get_interned_string(s)).into(),
+                            (None, ns, 0, state.get_interned_string(*s)).into(),
                             None,
                             settings.pos,
                         )
@@ -1642,7 +1644,7 @@ impl Engine {
                     // Access to `this` as a variable is OK within a function scope
                     #[cfg(not(feature = "no_function"))]
                     _ if &*s == KEYWORD_THIS && settings.in_fn_scope => Expr::Variable(
-                        (None, ns, 0, state.get_interned_string(s)).into(),
+                        (None, ns, 0, state.get_interned_string(*s)).into(),
                         None,
                         settings.pos,
                     ),
@@ -1888,7 +1890,7 @@ impl Engine {
             // -expr
             Token::Minus | Token::UnaryMinus => {
                 let token = token.clone();
-                let pos = eat_token(input, token);
+                let pos = eat_token(input, token.clone());
 
                 match self.parse_unary(input, state, lib, settings.level_up())? {
                     // Negative integer
@@ -1918,7 +1920,7 @@ impl Engine {
                             hashes: FnCallHashes::from_native(calc_fn_hash(None, "-", 1)),
                             args,
                             pos,
-                            is_native_operator: true,
+                            operator_token: Some(token),
                             ..Default::default()
                         }
                         .into_fn_call_expr(pos))
@@ -1928,7 +1930,7 @@ impl Engine {
             // +expr
             Token::Plus | Token::UnaryPlus => {
                 let token = token.clone();
-                let pos = eat_token(input, token);
+                let pos = eat_token(input, token.clone());
 
                 match self.parse_unary(input, state, lib, settings.level_up())? {
                     expr @ Expr::IntegerConstant(..) => Ok(expr),
@@ -1946,7 +1948,7 @@ impl Engine {
                             hashes: FnCallHashes::from_native(calc_fn_hash(None, "+", 1)),
                             args,
                             pos,
-                            is_native_operator: true,
+                            operator_token: Some(token),
                             ..Default::default()
                         }
                         .into_fn_call_expr(pos))
@@ -1955,7 +1957,9 @@ impl Engine {
             }
             // !expr
             Token::Bang => {
+                let token = token.clone();
                 let pos = eat_token(input, Token::Bang);
+
                 let mut args = StaticVec::new_const();
                 args.push(self.parse_unary(input, state, lib, settings.level_up())?);
                 args.shrink_to_fit();
@@ -1965,7 +1969,7 @@ impl Engine {
                     hashes: FnCallHashes::from_native(calc_fn_hash(None, "!", 1)),
                     args,
                     pos,
-                    is_native_operator: true,
+                    operator_token: Some(token),
                     ..Default::default()
                 }
                 .into_fn_call_expr(pos))
@@ -2283,7 +2287,7 @@ impl Engine {
                 #[cfg(not(feature = "no_custom_syntax"))]
                 Token::Custom(c) => self
                     .custom_keywords
-                    .get(c)
+                    .get(&**c)
                     .copied()
                     .ok_or_else(|| PERR::Reserved(c.to_string()).into_err(*current_pos))?,
                 Token::Reserved(c) if !is_valid_identifier(c.chars()) => {
@@ -2308,7 +2312,7 @@ impl Engine {
                 #[cfg(not(feature = "no_custom_syntax"))]
                 Token::Custom(c) => self
                     .custom_keywords
-                    .get(c)
+                    .get(&**c)
                     .copied()
                     .ok_or_else(|| PERR::Reserved(c.to_string()).into_err(*next_pos))?,
                 Token::Reserved(c) if !is_valid_identifier(c.chars()) => {
@@ -2335,12 +2339,17 @@ impl Engine {
 
             let op = op_token.syntax();
             let hash = calc_fn_hash(None, &op, 2);
+            let operator_token = if is_valid_function_name(&op) {
+                None
+            } else {
+                Some(op_token.clone())
+            };
 
             let op_base = FnCallExpr {
                 name: state.get_interned_string(op.as_ref()),
                 hashes: FnCallHashes::from_native(hash),
                 pos,
-                is_native_operator: !is_valid_function_name(&op),
+                operator_token,
                 ..Default::default()
             };
 
@@ -2461,7 +2470,7 @@ impl Engine {
         use crate::api::custom_syntax::markers::*;
 
         let mut settings = settings;
-        let mut inputs = StaticVec::<Expr>::new();
+        let mut inputs = StaticVec::new_const();
         let mut segments = StaticVec::new_const();
         let mut tokens = StaticVec::new_const();
 
@@ -2578,7 +2587,7 @@ impl Engine {
                 },
                 CUSTOM_SYNTAX_MARKER_STRING => match input.next().expect(NEVER_ENDS) {
                     (Token::StringConstant(s), pos) => {
-                        let s = state.get_interned_string(s);
+                        let s = state.get_interned_string(*s);
                         inputs.push(Expr::StringConstant(s.clone(), pos));
                         segments.push(s);
                         tokens.push(state.get_interned_string(CUSTOM_SYNTAX_MARKER_STRING));
@@ -3228,7 +3237,7 @@ impl Engine {
 
                 match input.next().expect(NEVER_ENDS).0 {
                     Token::Comment(comment) => {
-                        comments.push(comment);
+                        comments.push(*comment);
 
                         match input.peek().expect(NEVER_ENDS) {
                             (Token::Fn | Token::Private, ..) => break,
@@ -3562,7 +3571,7 @@ impl Engine {
                             return Err(PERR::FnDuplicatedParam(name.to_string(), s.to_string())
                                 .into_err(pos));
                         }
-                        let s = state.get_interned_string(s);
+                        let s = state.get_interned_string(*s);
                         state.stack.push(s.clone(), ());
                         params.push((s, pos));
                     }
@@ -3700,7 +3709,7 @@ impl Engine {
                                 PERR::FnDuplicatedParam(String::new(), s.to_string()).into_err(pos)
                             );
                         }
-                        let s = state.get_interned_string(s);
+                        let s = state.get_interned_string(*s);
                         state.stack.push(s.clone(), ());
                         params_list.push(s);
                     }

src/serde/de.rs

@@ -8,12 +8,17 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer};
 use std::prelude::v1::*;
 use std::{any::type_name, fmt};
 
-/// Deserializer for [`Dynamic`][crate::Dynamic] which is kept as a reference.
+/// Deserializer for [`Dynamic`][crate::Dynamic].
-///
+pub struct DynamicDeserializer<'de>(&'de Dynamic);
-/// The reference is necessary because the deserialized type may hold references
+
-/// (especially `&str`) to the source [`Dynamic`][crate::Dynamic].
+impl<'de> IntoDeserializer<'de, RhaiError> for &'de Dynamic {
-struct DynamicDeserializer<'a> {
+    type Deserializer = DynamicDeserializer<'de>;
-    value: &'a Dynamic,
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    #[must_use]
+    fn into_deserializer(self) -> Self::Deserializer {
+        DynamicDeserializer(self)
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'de> DynamicDeserializer<'de> {
@@ -21,28 +26,28 @@ impl<'de> DynamicDeserializer<'de> {
     ///
     /// The reference is necessary because the deserialized type may hold references
     /// (especially `&str`) to the source [`Dynamic`][crate::Dynamic].
+    #[inline(always)]
     #[must_use]
-    pub const fn from_dynamic(value: &'de Dynamic) -> Self {
+    pub const fn new(value: &'de Dynamic) -> Self {
-        Self { value }
+        Self(value)
     }
     /// Shortcut for a type conversion error.
+    #[cold]
+    #[inline(always)]
     fn type_error<T>(&self) -> RhaiResultOf<T> {
         self.type_error_str(type_name::<T>())
     }
     /// Shortcut for a type conversion error.
+    #[cold]
+    #[inline(never)]
     fn type_error_str<T>(&self, error: &str) -> RhaiResultOf<T> {
-        Err(ERR::ErrorMismatchOutputType(
+        Err(
-            error.into(),
+            ERR::ErrorMismatchOutputType(error.into(), self.0.type_name().into(), Position::NONE)
-            self.value.type_name().into(),
+                .into(),
-            Position::NONE,
         )
-        .into())
     }
-    fn deserialize_int<V: Visitor<'de>>(
+    #[inline(always)]
-        &mut self,
+    fn deserialize_int<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, v: crate::INT, visitor: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        v: crate::INT,
-        visitor: V,
-    ) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
         #[cfg(not(feature = "only_i32"))]
         return visitor.visit_i64(v);
         #[cfg(feature = "only_i32")]
@@ -102,10 +107,12 @@ impl<'de> DynamicDeserializer<'de> {
 /// # }
 /// ```
 pub fn from_dynamic<'de, T: Deserialize<'de>>(value: &'de Dynamic) -> RhaiResultOf<T> {
-    T::deserialize(&mut DynamicDeserializer::from_dynamic(value))
+    T::deserialize(DynamicDeserializer::new(value))
 }
 
 impl Error for RhaiError {
+    #[cold]
+    #[inline(never)]
     fn custom<T: fmt::Display>(err: T) -> Self {
         LexError::ImproperSymbol(String::new(), err.to_string())
             .into_err(Position::NONE)
@@ -113,11 +120,11 @@ impl Error for RhaiError {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'de> Deserializer<'de> for &mut DynamicDeserializer<'de> {
+impl<'de> Deserializer<'de> for DynamicDeserializer<'de> {
     type Error = RhaiError;
 
     fn deserialize_any<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, visitor: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        match self.value.0 {
+        match self.0 .0 {
             Union::Unit(..) => self.deserialize_unit(visitor),
             Union::Bool(..) => self.deserialize_bool(visitor),
             Union::Str(..) => self.deserialize_str(visitor),
@@ -171,110 +178,110 @@ impl<'de> Deserializer<'de> for &mut DynamicDeserializer<'de> {
     }
 
     fn deserialize_bool<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, visitor: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        visitor.visit_bool(self.value.as_bool().or_else(|_| self.type_error())?)
+        visitor.visit_bool(self.0.as_bool().or_else(|_| self.type_error())?)
     }
 
     fn deserialize_i8<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, visitor: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        if let Ok(v) = self.value.as_int() {
+        if let Ok(v) = self.0.as_int() {
             self.deserialize_int(v, visitor)
         } else {
-            self.value
+            self.0
                 .downcast_ref::<i8>()
                 .map_or_else(|| self.type_error(), |&x| visitor.visit_i8(x))
         }
     }
 
     fn deserialize_i16<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, visitor: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        if let Ok(v) = self.value.as_int() {
+        if let Ok(v) = self.0.as_int() {
             self.deserialize_int(v, visitor)
         } else {
-            self.value
+            self.0
                 .downcast_ref::<i16>()
                 .map_or_else(|| self.type_error(), |&x| visitor.visit_i16(x))
         }
     }
 
     fn deserialize_i32<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, visitor: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        if let Ok(v) = self.value.as_int() {
+        if let Ok(v) = self.0.as_int() {
             self.deserialize_int(v, visitor)
         } else if cfg!(feature = "only_i32") {
             self.type_error()
         } else {
-            self.value
+            self.0
                 .downcast_ref::<i32>()
                 .map_or_else(|| self.type_error(), |&x| visitor.visit_i32(x))
         }
     }
 
     fn deserialize_i64<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, visitor: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        if let Ok(v) = self.value.as_int() {
+        if let Ok(v) = self.0.as_int() {
             self.deserialize_int(v, visitor)
         } else if cfg!(not(feature = "only_i32")) {
             self.type_error()
         } else {
-            self.value
+            self.0
                 .downcast_ref::<i64>()
                 .map_or_else(|| self.type_error(), |&x| visitor.visit_i64(x))
         }
     }
 
     fn deserialize_i128<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, visitor: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        if let Ok(v) = self.value.as_int() {
+        if let Ok(v) = self.0.as_int() {
             self.deserialize_int(v, visitor)
         } else if cfg!(not(feature = "only_i32")) {
             self.type_error()
         } else {
-            self.value
+            self.0
                 .downcast_ref::<i128>()
                 .map_or_else(|| self.type_error(), |&x| visitor.visit_i128(x))
         }
     }
 
     fn deserialize_u8<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, visitor: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        if let Ok(v) = self.value.as_int() {
+        if let Ok(v) = self.0.as_int() {
             self.deserialize_int(v, visitor)
         } else {
-            self.value
+            self.0
                 .downcast_ref::<u8>()
                 .map_or_else(|| self.type_error(), |&x| visitor.visit_u8(x))
         }
     }
 
     fn deserialize_u16<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, visitor: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        if let Ok(v) = self.value.as_int() {
+        if let Ok(v) = self.0.as_int() {
             self.deserialize_int(v, visitor)
         } else {
-            self.value
+            self.0
                 .downcast_ref::<u16>()
                 .map_or_else(|| self.type_error(), |&x| visitor.visit_u16(x))
         }
     }
 
     fn deserialize_u32<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, visitor: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        if let Ok(v) = self.value.as_int() {
+        if let Ok(v) = self.0.as_int() {
             self.deserialize_int(v, visitor)
         } else {
-            self.value
+            self.0
                 .downcast_ref::<u32>()
                 .map_or_else(|| self.type_error(), |&x| visitor.visit_u32(x))
         }
     }
 
     fn deserialize_u64<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, visitor: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        if let Ok(v) = self.value.as_int() {
+        if let Ok(v) = self.0.as_int() {
             self.deserialize_int(v, visitor)
         } else {
-            self.value
+            self.0
                 .downcast_ref::<u64>()
                 .map_or_else(|| self.type_error(), |&x| visitor.visit_u64(x))
         }
     }
 
     fn deserialize_u128<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, visitor: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        if let Ok(v) = self.value.as_int() {
+        if let Ok(v) = self.0.as_int() {
             self.deserialize_int(v, visitor)
         } else {
-            self.value
+            self.0
                 .downcast_ref::<u128>()
                 .map_or_else(|| self.type_error(), |&x| visitor.visit_u128(x))
         }
@@ -283,7 +290,7 @@ impl<'de> Deserializer<'de> for &mut DynamicDeserializer<'de> {
     fn deserialize_f32<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, _visitor: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
         #[cfg(not(feature = "no_float"))]
         return self
-            .value
+            .0
             .downcast_ref::<f32>()
             .map_or_else(|| self.type_error(), |&x| _visitor.visit_f32(x));
 
@@ -293,7 +300,7 @@ impl<'de> Deserializer<'de> for &mut DynamicDeserializer<'de> {
             use rust_decimal::prelude::ToPrimitive;
 
             return self
-                .value
+                .0
                 .downcast_ref::<rust_decimal::Decimal>()
                 .and_then(|&x| x.to_f32())
                 .map_or_else(|| self.type_error(), |v| _visitor.visit_f32(v));
@@ -307,7 +314,7 @@ impl<'de> Deserializer<'de> for &mut DynamicDeserializer<'de> {
     fn deserialize_f64<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, _visitor: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
         #[cfg(not(feature = "no_float"))]
         return self
-            .value
+            .0
             .downcast_ref::<f64>()
             .map_or_else(|| self.type_error(), |&x| _visitor.visit_f64(x));
 
@@ -317,7 +324,7 @@ impl<'de> Deserializer<'de> for &mut DynamicDeserializer<'de> {
             use rust_decimal::prelude::ToPrimitive;
 
             return self
-                .value
+                .0
                 .downcast_ref::<rust_decimal::Decimal>()
                 .and_then(|&x| x.to_f64())
                 .map_or_else(|| self.type_error(), |v| _visitor.visit_f64(v));
@@ -329,13 +336,13 @@ impl<'de> Deserializer<'de> for &mut DynamicDeserializer<'de> {
     }
 
     fn deserialize_char<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, visitor: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        self.value
+        self.0
             .downcast_ref::<char>()
             .map_or_else(|| self.type_error(), |&x| visitor.visit_char(x))
     }
 
     fn deserialize_str<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, visitor: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        self.value.downcast_ref::<ImmutableString>().map_or_else(
+        self.0.downcast_ref::<ImmutableString>().map_or_else(
             || self.type_error(),
             |x| visitor.visit_borrowed_str(x.as_str()),
         )
@@ -348,7 +355,7 @@ impl<'de> Deserializer<'de> for &mut DynamicDeserializer<'de> {
     fn deserialize_bytes<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, _visitor: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
         #[cfg(not(feature = "no_index"))]
         return self
-            .value
+            .0
             .downcast_ref::<crate::Blob>()
             .map_or_else(|| self.type_error(), |x| _visitor.visit_bytes(x));
 
@@ -361,7 +368,7 @@ impl<'de> Deserializer<'de> for &mut DynamicDeserializer<'de> {
     }
 
     fn deserialize_option<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, visitor: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        if self.value.is::<()>() {
+        if self.0.is::<()>() {
             visitor.visit_none()
         } else {
             visitor.visit_some(self)
@@ -369,7 +376,7 @@ impl<'de> Deserializer<'de> for &mut DynamicDeserializer<'de> {
     }
 
     fn deserialize_unit<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, visitor: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        self.value
+        self.0
             .downcast_ref::<()>()
             .map_or_else(|| self.type_error(), |_| visitor.visit_unit())
     }
@@ -392,7 +399,7 @@ impl<'de> Deserializer<'de> for &mut DynamicDeserializer<'de> {
 
     fn deserialize_seq<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, _visitor: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
         #[cfg(not(feature = "no_index"))]
-        return self.value.downcast_ref::<crate::Array>().map_or_else(
+        return self.0.downcast_ref::<crate::Array>().map_or_else(
             || self.type_error(),
             |arr| _visitor.visit_seq(IterateDynamicArray::new(arr.iter())),
         );
@@ -416,7 +423,7 @@ impl<'de> Deserializer<'de> for &mut DynamicDeserializer<'de> {
 
     fn deserialize_map<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, _visitor: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
         #[cfg(not(feature = "no_object"))]
-        return self.value.downcast_ref::<crate::Map>().map_or_else(
+        return self.0.downcast_ref::<crate::Map>().map_or_else(
             || self.type_error(),
             |map| {
                 _visitor.visit_map(IterateMap::new(
@@ -445,11 +452,11 @@ impl<'de> Deserializer<'de> for &mut DynamicDeserializer<'de> {
         _variants: &'static [&'static str],
         visitor: V,
     ) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        if let Some(s) = self.value.read_lock::<ImmutableString>() {
+        if let Some(s) = self.0.read_lock::<ImmutableString>() {
             visitor.visit_enum(s.as_str().into_deserializer())
         } else {
             #[cfg(not(feature = "no_object"))]
-            return self.value.downcast_ref::<crate::Map>().map_or_else(
+            return self.0.downcast_ref::<crate::Map>().map_or_else(
                 || self.type_error(),
                 |map| {
                     let mut iter = map.iter();
@@ -458,7 +465,7 @@ impl<'de> Deserializer<'de> for &mut DynamicDeserializer<'de> {
                     if let (Some((key, value)), None) = (first, second) {
                         visitor.visit_enum(EnumDeserializer {
                             tag: key,
-                            content: DynamicDeserializer::from_dynamic(value),
+                            content: DynamicDeserializer::new(value),
                         })
                     } else {
                         self.type_error()
@@ -470,10 +477,12 @@ impl<'de> Deserializer<'de> for &mut DynamicDeserializer<'de> {
         }
     }
 
+    #[inline(always)]
     fn deserialize_identifier<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, visitor: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
         self.deserialize_str(visitor)
     }
 
+    #[inline(always)]
     fn deserialize_ignored_any<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, visitor: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
         self.deserialize_any(visitor)
     }
@@ -481,13 +490,14 @@ impl<'de> Deserializer<'de> for &mut DynamicDeserializer<'de> {
 
 /// `SeqAccess` implementation for arrays.
 #[cfg(not(feature = "no_index"))]
-struct IterateDynamicArray<'a, ITER: Iterator<Item = &'a Dynamic>> {
+struct IterateDynamicArray<'de, ITER: Iterator<Item = &'de Dynamic>> {
     /// Iterator for a stream of [`Dynamic`][crate::Dynamic] values.
     iter: ITER,
 }
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "no_index"))]
-impl<'a, ITER: Iterator<Item = &'a Dynamic>> IterateDynamicArray<'a, ITER> {
+impl<'de, ITER: Iterator<Item = &'de Dynamic>> IterateDynamicArray<'de, ITER> {
+    #[inline(always)]
     #[must_use]
     pub const fn new(iter: ITER) -> Self {
         Self { iter }
@@ -495,8 +505,8 @@ impl<'a, ITER: Iterator<Item = &'a Dynamic>> IterateDynamicArray<'a, ITER> {
 }
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "no_index"))]
-impl<'a: 'de, 'de, ITER: Iterator<Item = &'a Dynamic>> serde::de::SeqAccess<'de>
+impl<'de, ITER: Iterator<Item = &'de Dynamic>> serde::de::SeqAccess<'de>
-    for IterateDynamicArray<'a, ITER>
+    for IterateDynamicArray<'de, ITER>
 {
     type Error = RhaiError;
 
@@ -506,17 +516,15 @@ impl<'a: 'de, 'de, ITER: Iterator<Item = &'a Dynamic>> serde::de::SeqAccess<'de>
     ) -> RhaiResultOf<Option<T::Value>> {
         // Deserialize each item coming out of the iterator.
         match self.iter.next() {
+            Some(item) => seed.deserialize(item.into_deserializer()).map(Some),
             None => Ok(None),
-            Some(item) => seed
-                .deserialize(&mut DynamicDeserializer::from_dynamic(item))
-                .map(Some),
         }
     }
 }
 
 /// `MapAccess` implementation for maps.
 #[cfg(not(feature = "no_object"))]
-struct IterateMap<'a, K: Iterator<Item = &'a str>, V: Iterator<Item = &'a Dynamic>> {
+struct IterateMap<'de, K: Iterator<Item = &'de str>, V: Iterator<Item = &'de Dynamic>> {
     // Iterator for a stream of [`Dynamic`][crate::Dynamic] keys.
     keys: K,
     // Iterator for a stream of [`Dynamic`][crate::Dynamic] values.
@@ -524,7 +532,8 @@ struct IterateMap<'a, K: Iterator<Item = &'a str>, V: Iterator<Item = &'a Dynami
 }
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "no_object"))]
-impl<'a, K: Iterator<Item = &'a str>, V: Iterator<Item = &'a Dynamic>> IterateMap<'a, K, V> {
+impl<'de, K: Iterator<Item = &'de str>, V: Iterator<Item = &'de Dynamic>> IterateMap<'de, K, V> {
+    #[inline(always)]
     #[must_use]
     pub const fn new(keys: K, values: V) -> Self {
         Self { keys, values }
@@ -532,8 +541,8 @@ impl<'a, K: Iterator<Item = &'a str>, V: Iterator<Item = &'a Dynamic>> IterateMa
 }
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "no_object"))]
-impl<'a: 'de, 'de, K: Iterator<Item = &'a str>, V: Iterator<Item = &'a Dynamic>>
+impl<'de, K: Iterator<Item = &'de str>, V: Iterator<Item = &'de Dynamic>> serde::de::MapAccess<'de>
-    serde::de::MapAccess<'de> for IterateMap<'a, K, V>
+    for IterateMap<'de, K, V>
 {
     type Error = RhaiError;
 
@@ -542,11 +551,9 @@ impl<'a: 'de, 'de, K: Iterator<Item = &'a str>, V: Iterator<Item = &'a Dynamic>>
         seed: S,
     ) -> RhaiResultOf<Option<S::Value>> {
         // Deserialize each `Identifier` key coming out of the keys iterator.
-        match self.keys.next() {
+        match self.keys.next().map(<_>::into_deserializer) {
+            Some(d) => seed.deserialize(d).map(Some),
             None => Ok(None),
-            Some(item) => seed
-                .deserialize(&mut super::str::StringSliceDeserializer::from_str(item))
-                .map(Some),
         }
     }
 
@@ -555,20 +562,18 @@ impl<'a: 'de, 'de, K: Iterator<Item = &'a str>, V: Iterator<Item = &'a Dynamic>>
         seed: S,
     ) -> RhaiResultOf<S::Value> {
         // Deserialize each value item coming out of the iterator.
-        seed.deserialize(&mut DynamicDeserializer::from_dynamic(
+        seed.deserialize(self.values.next().unwrap().into_deserializer())
-            self.values.next().unwrap(),
-        ))
     }
 }
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "no_object"))]
-struct EnumDeserializer<'t, 'de: 't> {
+struct EnumDeserializer<'de> {
-    tag: &'t str,
+    tag: &'de str,
     content: DynamicDeserializer<'de>,
 }
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "no_object"))]
-impl<'t, 'de> serde::de::EnumAccess<'de> for EnumDeserializer<'t, 'de> {
+impl<'de> serde::de::EnumAccess<'de> for EnumDeserializer<'de> {
     type Error = RhaiError;
     type Variant = Self;
 
@@ -582,26 +587,30 @@ impl<'t, 'de> serde::de::EnumAccess<'de> for EnumDeserializer<'t, 'de> {
 }
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "no_object"))]
-impl<'t, 'de> serde::de::VariantAccess<'de> for EnumDeserializer<'t, 'de> {
+impl<'de> serde::de::VariantAccess<'de> for EnumDeserializer<'de> {
     type Error = RhaiError;
 
-    fn unit_variant(mut self) -> RhaiResultOf<()> {
+    #[inline(always)]
-        Deserialize::deserialize(&mut self.content)
+    fn unit_variant(self) -> RhaiResultOf<()> {
+        Deserialize::deserialize(self.content)
     }
 
+    #[inline(always)]
     fn newtype_variant_seed<T: serde::de::DeserializeSeed<'de>>(
-        mut self,
+        self,
         seed: T,
     ) -> RhaiResultOf<T::Value> {
-        seed.deserialize(&mut self.content)
+        seed.deserialize(self.content)
     }
 
-    fn tuple_variant<V: Visitor<'de>>(mut self, len: usize, visitor: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn tuple_variant<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, len: usize, visitor: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
         self.content.deserialize_tuple(len, visitor)
     }
 
+    #[inline(always)]
     fn struct_variant<V: Visitor<'de>>(
-        mut self,
+        self,
         fields: &'static [&'static str],
         visitor: V,
     ) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {

src/serde/deserialize.rs

@@ -1,31 +1,41 @@
 //! Implementations of [`serde::Deserialize`].
 
-use crate::{Dynamic, ImmutableString, INT};
+use crate::{Dynamic, Identifier, ImmutableString, Scope, INT};
-use serde::de::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Error, Visitor};
+use serde::{
+    de::{Error, SeqAccess, Visitor},
+    Deserialize, Deserializer,
+};
 use std::fmt;
 #[cfg(feature = "no_std")]
 use std::prelude::v1::*;
 
 struct DynamicVisitor;
 
-impl<'d> Visitor<'d> for DynamicVisitor {
+impl<'de> Visitor<'de> for DynamicVisitor {
     type Value = Dynamic;
 
+    #[cold]
+    #[inline(never)]
     fn expecting(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         f.write_str("any type that can be converted into a Dynamic")
     }
+    #[inline(always)]
     fn visit_bool<E: Error>(self, v: bool) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
         Ok(v.into())
     }
+    #[inline(always)]
     fn visit_i8<E: Error>(self, v: i8) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
         Ok(INT::from(v).into())
     }
+    #[inline(always)]
     fn visit_i16<E: Error>(self, v: i16) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
         Ok(INT::from(v).into())
     }
+    #[inline(always)]
     fn visit_i32<E: Error>(self, v: i32) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
         Ok(INT::from(v).into())
     }
+    #[inline]
     fn visit_i64<E: Error>(self, v: i64) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
         #[cfg(not(feature = "only_i32"))]
         {
@@ -38,12 +48,15 @@ impl<'d> Visitor<'d> for DynamicVisitor {
             self.visit_i32(v as i32)
         }
     }
+    #[inline(always)]
     fn visit_u8<E: Error>(self, v: u8) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
         Ok(INT::from(v).into())
     }
+    #[inline(always)]
     fn visit_u16<E: Error>(self, v: u16) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
         Ok(INT::from(v).into())
     }
+    #[inline]
     fn visit_u32<E: Error>(self, v: u32) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
         #[cfg(not(feature = "only_i32"))]
         {
@@ -56,6 +69,7 @@ impl<'d> Visitor<'d> for DynamicVisitor {
             self.visit_i32(v as i32)
         }
     }
+    #[inline]
     fn visit_u64<E: Error>(self, v: u64) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
         #[cfg(not(feature = "only_i32"))]
         if v > i64::MAX as u64 {
@@ -72,6 +86,7 @@ impl<'d> Visitor<'d> for DynamicVisitor {
     }
 
     #[cfg(not(feature = "no_float"))]
+    #[inline(always)]
     fn visit_f32<E: Error>(self, v: f32) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
         #[cfg(not(feature = "f32_float"))]
         return self.visit_f64(v as f64);
@@ -79,6 +94,7 @@ impl<'d> Visitor<'d> for DynamicVisitor {
         return Ok(v.into());
     }
     #[cfg(not(feature = "no_float"))]
+    #[inline(always)]
     fn visit_f64<E: Error>(self, v: f64) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
         #[cfg(not(feature = "f32_float"))]
         return Ok(v.into());
@@ -88,6 +104,7 @@ impl<'d> Visitor<'d> for DynamicVisitor {
 
     #[cfg(feature = "no_float")]
     #[cfg(feature = "decimal")]
+    #[inline]
     fn visit_f32<E: Error>(self, v: f32) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
         use rust_decimal::Decimal;
         use std::convert::TryFrom;
@@ -98,6 +115,7 @@ impl<'d> Visitor<'d> for DynamicVisitor {
     }
     #[cfg(feature = "no_float")]
     #[cfg(feature = "decimal")]
+    #[inline]
     fn visit_f64<E: Error>(self, v: f64) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
         use rust_decimal::Decimal;
         use std::convert::TryFrom;
@@ -107,29 +125,35 @@ impl<'d> Visitor<'d> for DynamicVisitor {
             .map_err(Error::custom)
     }
 
+    #[inline(always)]
     fn visit_char<E: Error>(self, v: char) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
         self.visit_string(v.to_string())
     }
+    #[inline(always)]
     fn visit_str<E: Error>(self, v: &str) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
         Ok(v.into())
     }
+    #[inline(always)]
     fn visit_borrowed_str<E: Error>(self, v: &str) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
         self.visit_str(v)
     }
+    #[inline(always)]
     fn visit_string<E: Error>(self, v: String) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
         Ok(v.into())
     }
 
+    #[inline(always)]
     fn visit_unit<E: Error>(self) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
         Ok(Dynamic::UNIT)
     }
 
-    fn visit_newtype_struct<D: Deserializer<'d>>(self, de: D) -> Result<Self::Value, D::Error> {
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn visit_newtype_struct<D: Deserializer<'de>>(self, de: D) -> Result<Self::Value, D::Error> {
         Deserialize::deserialize(de)
     }
 
     #[cfg(not(feature = "no_index"))]
-    fn visit_seq<A: serde::de::SeqAccess<'d>>(self, mut seq: A) -> Result<Self::Value, A::Error> {
+    fn visit_seq<A: serde::de::SeqAccess<'de>>(self, mut seq: A) -> Result<Self::Value, A::Error> {
         let mut arr = crate::Array::new();
 
         while let Some(v) = seq.next_element()? {
@@ -140,7 +164,7 @@ impl<'d> Visitor<'d> for DynamicVisitor {
     }
 
     #[cfg(not(feature = "no_object"))]
-    fn visit_map<M: serde::de::MapAccess<'d>>(self, mut map: M) -> Result<Self::Value, M::Error> {
+    fn visit_map<M: serde::de::MapAccess<'de>>(self, mut map: M) -> Result<Self::Value, M::Error> {
         let mut m = crate::Map::new();
 
         while let Some((k, v)) = map.next_entry()? {
@@ -151,15 +175,69 @@ impl<'d> Visitor<'d> for DynamicVisitor {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'d> Deserialize<'d> for Dynamic {
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for Dynamic {
-    fn deserialize<D: Deserializer<'d>>(de: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error> {
+    #[inline(always)]
-        de.deserialize_any(DynamicVisitor)
+    fn deserialize<D: Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error> {
+        deserializer.deserialize_any(DynamicVisitor)
     }
 }
 
-impl<'d> Deserialize<'d> for ImmutableString {
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for ImmutableString {
-    fn deserialize<D: Deserializer<'d>>(de: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error> {
+    #[inline(always)]
-        let s: String = Deserialize::deserialize(de)?;
+    fn deserialize<D: Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error> {
+        let s: String = Deserialize::deserialize(deserializer)?;
         Ok(s.into())
     }
 }
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for Scope<'de> {
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn deserialize<D: Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error> {
+        #[derive(Debug, Clone, Hash, Deserialize)]
+        struct ScopeEntry {
+            pub name: Identifier,
+            pub value: Dynamic,
+            #[serde(default)]
+            pub is_constant: bool,
+        }
+
+        struct VecVisitor;
+
+        impl<'de> Visitor<'de> for VecVisitor {
+            type Value = Scope<'static>;
+
+            fn expecting(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+                formatter.write_str("a sequence")
+            }
+
+            #[inline]
+            fn visit_seq<A>(self, mut access: A) -> Result<Self::Value, A::Error>
+            where
+                A: SeqAccess<'de>,
+            {
+                let mut scope = if let Some(size) = access.size_hint() {
+                    Scope::with_capacity(size)
+                } else {
+                    Scope::new()
+                };
+
+                while let Some(ScopeEntry {
+                    name,
+                    value,
+                    is_constant,
+                }) = access.next_element()?
+                {
+                    if is_constant {
+                        scope.push_constant_dynamic(name, value);
+                    } else {
+                        scope.push_dynamic(name, value);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                Ok(scope)
+            }
+        }
+
+        deserializer.deserialize_seq(VecVisitor)
+    }
+}

src/serde/mod.rs

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ mod deserialize;
 mod metadata;
 mod ser;
 mod serialize;
-mod str;
 
-pub use de::from_dynamic;
+pub use de::{from_dynamic, DynamicDeserializer};
-pub use ser::to_dynamic;
+pub use ser::{to_dynamic, DynamicSerializer};

src/serde/ser.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 //! Implement serialization support of [`Dynamic`][crate::Dynamic] for [`serde`].
 
-use crate::{Dynamic, Position, RhaiError, RhaiResult, RhaiResultOf, ERR};
+use crate::{Dynamic, Identifier, Position, RhaiError, RhaiResult, RhaiResultOf, ERR};
 use serde::ser::{
     Error, SerializeMap, SerializeSeq, SerializeStruct, SerializeTuple, SerializeTupleStruct,
 };
@@ -9,10 +9,10 @@ use std::fmt;
 #[cfg(feature = "no_std")]
 use std::prelude::v1::*;
 
-/// Serializer for [`Dynamic`][crate::Dynamic] which is kept as a reference.
+/// Serializer for [`Dynamic`][crate::Dynamic].
-struct DynamicSerializer {
+pub struct DynamicSerializer {
     /// Buffer to hold a temporary key.
-    _key: Dynamic,
+    _key: Identifier,
     /// Buffer to hold a temporary value.
     _value: Dynamic,
 }
@@ -20,10 +20,10 @@ struct DynamicSerializer {
 impl DynamicSerializer {
     /// Create a [`DynamicSerializer`] from a [`Dynamic`][crate::Dynamic] value.
     #[must_use]
-    pub const fn new(_value: Dynamic) -> Self {
+    pub const fn new(value: Dynamic) -> Self {
         Self {
-            _key: Dynamic::UNIT,
+            _key: Identifier::new_const(),
-            _value,
+            _value: value,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -105,10 +105,12 @@ impl Serializer for &mut DynamicSerializer {
     #[cfg(feature = "no_object")]
     type SerializeStructVariant = serde::ser::Impossible<Dynamic, RhaiError>;
 
+    #[inline(always)]
     fn serialize_bool(self, v: bool) -> RhaiResultOf<Self::Ok> {
         Ok(v.into())
     }
 
+    #[inline(always)]
     fn serialize_i8(self, v: i8) -> RhaiResultOf<Self::Ok> {
         #[cfg(not(feature = "only_i32"))]
         return self.serialize_i64(i64::from(v));
@@ -116,6 +118,7 @@ impl Serializer for &mut DynamicSerializer {
         return self.serialize_i32(i32::from(v));
     }
 
+    #[inline(always)]
     fn serialize_i16(self, v: i16) -> RhaiResultOf<Self::Ok> {
         #[cfg(not(feature = "only_i32"))]
         return self.serialize_i64(i64::from(v));
@@ -123,6 +126,7 @@ impl Serializer for &mut DynamicSerializer {
         return self.serialize_i32(i32::from(v));
     }
 
+    #[inline(always)]
     fn serialize_i32(self, v: i32) -> RhaiResultOf<Self::Ok> {
         #[cfg(not(feature = "only_i32"))]
         return self.serialize_i64(i64::from(v));
@@ -130,6 +134,7 @@ impl Serializer for &mut DynamicSerializer {
         return Ok(v.into());
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     fn serialize_i64(self, v: i64) -> RhaiResultOf<Self::Ok> {
         #[cfg(not(feature = "only_i32"))]
         {
@@ -143,6 +148,7 @@ impl Serializer for &mut DynamicSerializer {
         }
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     fn serialize_i128(self, v: i128) -> RhaiResultOf<Self::Ok> {
         #[cfg(not(feature = "only_i32"))]
         if v > i64::MAX as i128 {
@@ -158,6 +164,7 @@ impl Serializer for &mut DynamicSerializer {
         }
     }
 
+    #[inline(always)]
     fn serialize_u8(self, v: u8) -> RhaiResultOf<Self::Ok> {
         #[cfg(not(feature = "only_i32"))]
         return self.serialize_i64(i64::from(v));
@@ -165,6 +172,7 @@ impl Serializer for &mut DynamicSerializer {
         return self.serialize_i32(i32::from(v));
     }
 
+    #[inline(always)]
     fn serialize_u16(self, v: u16) -> RhaiResultOf<Self::Ok> {
         #[cfg(not(feature = "only_i32"))]
         return self.serialize_i64(i64::from(v));
@@ -172,6 +180,7 @@ impl Serializer for &mut DynamicSerializer {
         return self.serialize_i32(i32::from(v));
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     fn serialize_u32(self, v: u32) -> RhaiResultOf<Self::Ok> {
         #[cfg(not(feature = "only_i32"))]
         {
@@ -185,6 +194,7 @@ impl Serializer for &mut DynamicSerializer {
         }
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     fn serialize_u64(self, v: u64) -> RhaiResultOf<Self::Ok> {
         #[cfg(not(feature = "only_i32"))]
         if v > i64::MAX as u64 {
@@ -200,6 +210,7 @@ impl Serializer for &mut DynamicSerializer {
         }
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     fn serialize_u128(self, v: u128) -> RhaiResultOf<Self::Ok> {
         #[cfg(not(feature = "only_i32"))]
         if v > i64::MAX as u128 {
@@ -215,6 +226,7 @@ impl Serializer for &mut DynamicSerializer {
         }
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     fn serialize_f32(self, v: f32) -> RhaiResultOf<Self::Ok> {
         #[cfg(any(not(feature = "no_float"), not(feature = "decimal")))]
         return Ok(Dynamic::from(v));
@@ -231,6 +243,7 @@ impl Serializer for &mut DynamicSerializer {
         }
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     fn serialize_f64(self, v: f64) -> RhaiResultOf<Self::Ok> {
         #[cfg(any(not(feature = "no_float"), not(feature = "decimal")))]
         return Ok(Dynamic::from(v));
@@ -247,14 +260,17 @@ impl Serializer for &mut DynamicSerializer {
         }
     }
 
+    #[inline(always)]
     fn serialize_char(self, v: char) -> RhaiResultOf<Self::Ok> {
         Ok(v.into())
     }
 
+    #[inline(always)]
     fn serialize_str(self, v: &str) -> RhaiResultOf<Self::Ok> {
         Ok(v.into())
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     fn serialize_bytes(self, _v: &[u8]) -> RhaiResultOf<Self::Ok> {
         #[cfg(not(feature = "no_index"))]
         return Ok(Dynamic::from_blob(_v.to_vec()));
@@ -262,28 +278,33 @@ impl Serializer for &mut DynamicSerializer {
         #[cfg(feature = "no_index")]
         return Err(ERR::ErrorMismatchDataType(
             "".into(),
-            "BLOB's are not supported with 'no_index'".into(),
+            "BLOB's are not supported under 'no_index'".into(),
             Position::NONE,
         )
         .into());
     }
 
+    #[inline(always)]
     fn serialize_none(self) -> RhaiResultOf<Self::Ok> {
         Ok(Dynamic::UNIT)
     }
 
+    #[inline(always)]
     fn serialize_some<T: ?Sized + Serialize>(self, value: &T) -> RhaiResultOf<Self::Ok> {
         value.serialize(&mut *self)
     }
 
+    #[inline(always)]
     fn serialize_unit(self) -> RhaiResultOf<Self::Ok> {
         Ok(Dynamic::UNIT)
     }
 
+    #[inline(always)]
     fn serialize_unit_struct(self, _name: &'static str) -> RhaiResultOf<Self::Ok> {
         self.serialize_unit()
     }
 
+    #[inline(always)]
     fn serialize_unit_variant(
         self,
         _name: &'static str,
@@ -293,6 +314,7 @@ impl Serializer for &mut DynamicSerializer {
         self.serialize_str(variant)
     }
 
+    #[inline(always)]
     fn serialize_newtype_struct<T: ?Sized + Serialize>(
         self,
         _name: &'static str,
@@ -301,6 +323,7 @@ impl Serializer for &mut DynamicSerializer {
         value.serialize(&mut *self)
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     fn serialize_newtype_variant<T: ?Sized + Serialize>(
         self,
         _name: &'static str,
@@ -316,28 +339,31 @@ impl Serializer for &mut DynamicSerializer {
         #[cfg(feature = "no_object")]
         return Err(ERR::ErrorMismatchDataType(
             "".into(),
-            "object maps are not supported with 'no_object'".into(),
+            "object maps are not supported under 'no_object'".into(),
             Position::NONE,
         )
         .into());
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     fn serialize_seq(self, _len: Option<usize>) -> RhaiResultOf<Self::SerializeSeq> {
         #[cfg(not(feature = "no_index"))]
         return Ok(DynamicSerializer::new(crate::Array::new().into()));
         #[cfg(feature = "no_index")]
         return Err(ERR::ErrorMismatchDataType(
             "".into(),
-            "arrays are not supported with 'no_index'".into(),
+            "arrays are not supported under 'no_index'".into(),
             Position::NONE,
         )
         .into());
     }
 
+    #[inline(always)]
     fn serialize_tuple(self, len: usize) -> RhaiResultOf<Self::SerializeTuple> {
         self.serialize_seq(Some(len))
     }
 
+    #[inline(always)]
     fn serialize_tuple_struct(
         self,
         _name: &'static str,
@@ -346,6 +372,7 @@ impl Serializer for &mut DynamicSerializer {
         self.serialize_seq(Some(len))
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     fn serialize_tuple_variant(
         self,
         _name: &'static str,
@@ -362,24 +389,26 @@ impl Serializer for &mut DynamicSerializer {
         #[cfg(any(feature = "no_object", feature = "no_index"))]
         return Err(ERR::ErrorMismatchDataType(
             "".into(),
-            "tuples are not supported with 'no_index' or 'no_object'".into(),
+            "tuples are not supported under 'no_index' or 'no_object'".into(),
             Position::NONE,
         )
         .into());
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     fn serialize_map(self, _len: Option<usize>) -> RhaiResultOf<Self::SerializeMap> {
         #[cfg(not(feature = "no_object"))]
         return Ok(DynamicSerializer::new(crate::Map::new().into()));
         #[cfg(feature = "no_object")]
         return Err(ERR::ErrorMismatchDataType(
             "".into(),
-            "object maps are not supported with 'no_object'".into(),
+            "object maps are not supported under 'no_object'".into(),
             Position::NONE,
         )
         .into());
     }
 
+    #[inline(always)]
     fn serialize_struct(
         self,
         _name: &'static str,
@@ -388,6 +417,7 @@ impl Serializer for &mut DynamicSerializer {
         self.serialize_map(Some(len))
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     fn serialize_struct_variant(
         self,
         _name: &'static str,
@@ -403,7 +433,7 @@ impl Serializer for &mut DynamicSerializer {
         #[cfg(feature = "no_object")]
         return Err(ERR::ErrorMismatchDataType(
             "".into(),
-            "object maps are not supported with 'no_object'".into(),
+            "object maps are not supported under 'no_object'".into(),
             Position::NONE,
         )
         .into());
@@ -425,20 +455,21 @@ impl SerializeSeq for DynamicSerializer {
         #[cfg(feature = "no_index")]
         return Err(ERR::ErrorMismatchDataType(
             "".into(),
-            "arrays are not supported with 'no_index'".into(),
+            "arrays are not supported under 'no_index'".into(),
             Position::NONE,
         )
         .into());
     }
 
     // Close the sequence.
+    #[inline]
     fn end(self) -> RhaiResultOf<Self::Ok> {
         #[cfg(not(feature = "no_index"))]
         return Ok(self._value);
         #[cfg(feature = "no_index")]
         return Err(ERR::ErrorMismatchDataType(
             "".into(),
-            "arrays are not supported with 'no_index'".into(),
+            "arrays are not supported under 'no_index'".into(),
             Position::NONE,
         )
         .into());
@@ -460,19 +491,20 @@ impl SerializeTuple for DynamicSerializer {
         #[cfg(feature = "no_index")]
         return Err(ERR::ErrorMismatchDataType(
             "".into(),
-            "tuples are not supported with 'no_index'".into(),
+            "tuples are not supported under 'no_index'".into(),
             Position::NONE,
         )
         .into());
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     fn end(self) -> RhaiResultOf<Self::Ok> {
         #[cfg(not(feature = "no_index"))]
         return Ok(self._value);
         #[cfg(feature = "no_index")]
         return Err(ERR::ErrorMismatchDataType(
             "".into(),
-            "tuples are not supported with 'no_index'".into(),
+            "tuples are not supported under 'no_index'".into(),
             Position::NONE,
         )
         .into());
@@ -494,19 +526,20 @@ impl SerializeTupleStruct for DynamicSerializer {
         #[cfg(feature = "no_index")]
         return Err(ERR::ErrorMismatchDataType(
             "".into(),
-            "tuples are not supported with 'no_index'".into(),
+            "tuples are not supported under 'no_index'".into(),
             Position::NONE,
         )
         .into());
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     fn end(self) -> RhaiResultOf<Self::Ok> {
         #[cfg(not(feature = "no_index"))]
         return Ok(self._value);
         #[cfg(feature = "no_index")]
         return Err(ERR::ErrorMismatchDataType(
             "".into(),
-            "tuples are not supported with 'no_index'".into(),
+            "tuples are not supported under 'no_index'".into(),
             Position::NONE,
         )
         .into());
@@ -520,13 +553,19 @@ impl SerializeMap for DynamicSerializer {
     fn serialize_key<T: ?Sized + Serialize>(&mut self, _key: &T) -> RhaiResultOf<()> {
         #[cfg(not(feature = "no_object"))]
         {
-            self._key = _key.serialize(&mut *self)?;
+            let key = _key.serialize(&mut *self)?;
+            self._key = key
+                .into_immutable_string()
+                .map_err(|typ| {
+                    ERR::ErrorMismatchDataType("string".into(), typ.into(), Position::NONE)
+                })?
+                .into();
             Ok(())
         }
         #[cfg(feature = "no_object")]
         return Err(ERR::ErrorMismatchDataType(
             "".into(),
-            "object maps are not supported with 'no_object'".into(),
+            "object maps are not supported under 'no_object'".into(),
             Position::NONE,
         )
         .into());
@@ -535,20 +574,16 @@ impl SerializeMap for DynamicSerializer {
     fn serialize_value<T: ?Sized + Serialize>(&mut self, _value: &T) -> RhaiResultOf<()> {
         #[cfg(not(feature = "no_object"))]
         {
-            let key = std::mem::take(&mut self._key)
+            let key = std::mem::take(&mut self._key);
-                .into_immutable_string()
-                .map_err(|typ| {
-                    ERR::ErrorMismatchDataType("string".into(), typ.into(), Position::NONE)
-                })?;
             let value = _value.serialize(&mut *self)?;
             let map = self._value.downcast_mut::<crate::Map>().unwrap();
-            map.insert(key.into(), value);
+            map.insert(key, value);
             Ok(())
         }
         #[cfg(feature = "no_object")]
         return Err(ERR::ErrorMismatchDataType(
             "".into(),
-            "object maps are not supported with 'no_object'".into(),
+            "object maps are not supported under 'no_object'".into(),
             Position::NONE,
         )
         .into());
@@ -573,19 +608,20 @@ impl SerializeMap for DynamicSerializer {
         #[cfg(feature = "no_object")]
         return Err(ERR::ErrorMismatchDataType(
             "".into(),
-            "object maps are not supported with 'no_object'".into(),
+            "object maps are not supported under 'no_object'".into(),
             Position::NONE,
         )
         .into());
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     fn end(self) -> RhaiResultOf<Self::Ok> {
         #[cfg(not(feature = "no_object"))]
         return Ok(self._value);
         #[cfg(feature = "no_object")]
         return Err(ERR::ErrorMismatchDataType(
             "".into(),
-            "object maps are not supported with 'no_object'".into(),
+            "object maps are not supported under 'no_object'".into(),
             Position::NONE,
         )
         .into());
@@ -611,19 +647,20 @@ impl SerializeStruct for DynamicSerializer {
         #[cfg(feature = "no_object")]
         return Err(ERR::ErrorMismatchDataType(
             "".into(),
-            "object maps are not supported with 'no_object'".into(),
+            "object maps are not supported under 'no_object'".into(),
             Position::NONE,
         )
         .into());
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     fn end(self) -> RhaiResultOf<Self::Ok> {
         #[cfg(not(feature = "no_object"))]
         return Ok(self._value);
         #[cfg(feature = "no_object")]
         return Err(ERR::ErrorMismatchDataType(
             "".into(),
-            "object maps are not supported with 'no_object'".into(),
+            "object maps are not supported under 'no_object'".into(),
             Position::NONE,
         )
         .into());
@@ -632,7 +669,7 @@ impl SerializeStruct for DynamicSerializer {
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "no_object"))]
 #[cfg(not(feature = "no_index"))]
-struct TupleVariantSerializer {
+pub struct TupleVariantSerializer {
     variant: &'static str,
     array: crate::Array,
 }
@@ -649,13 +686,14 @@ impl serde::ser::SerializeTupleVariant for TupleVariantSerializer {
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     fn end(self) -> RhaiResultOf<Self::Ok> {
         make_variant(self.variant, self.array.into())
     }
 }
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "no_object"))]
-struct StructVariantSerializer {
+pub struct StructVariantSerializer {
     variant: &'static str,
     map: crate::Map,
 }
@@ -665,6 +703,7 @@ impl serde::ser::SerializeStructVariant for StructVariantSerializer {
     type Ok = Dynamic;
     type Error = RhaiError;
 
+    #[inline]
     fn serialize_field<T: ?Sized + Serialize>(
         &mut self,
         key: &'static str,
@@ -675,12 +714,14 @@ impl serde::ser::SerializeStructVariant for StructVariantSerializer {
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     fn end(self) -> RhaiResultOf<Self::Ok> {
         make_variant(self.variant, self.map.into())
     }
 }
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "no_object"))]
+#[inline]
 fn make_variant(variant: &'static str, value: Dynamic) -> RhaiResult {
     let mut map = crate::Map::new();
     map.insert(variant.into(), value);

src/serde/serialize.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 //! Implementations of [`serde::Serialize`].
 
 use crate::types::dynamic::Union;
-use crate::{Dynamic, ImmutableString};
+use crate::{Dynamic, ImmutableString, Scope};
-use serde::ser::{Serialize, Serializer};
+use serde::{ser::SerializeSeq, Serialize, Serializer};
 #[cfg(feature = "no_std")]
 use std::prelude::v1::*;
 
@@ -83,7 +83,38 @@ impl Serialize for Dynamic {
 }
 
 impl Serialize for ImmutableString {
+    #[inline(always)]
     fn serialize<S: Serializer>(&self, ser: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> {
         ser.serialize_str(self.as_str())
     }
 }
+
+impl Serialize for Scope<'_> {
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn serialize<S: Serializer>(&self, ser: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> {
+        #[derive(Debug, Clone, Hash, Serialize)]
+        struct ScopeEntry<'a> {
+            pub name: &'a str,
+            pub value: &'a Dynamic,
+            #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "is_false")]
+            pub is_constant: bool,
+        }
+
+        fn is_false(value: &bool) -> bool {
+            !value
+        }
+
+        let mut ser = ser.serialize_seq(Some(self.len()))?;
+
+        for (name, is_constant, value) in self.iter_raw() {
+            let entry = ScopeEntry {
+                name,
+                value,
+                is_constant,
+            };
+            ser.serialize_element(&entry)?;
+        }
+
+        ser.end()
+    }
+}

src/serde/str.rs

@@ -1,143 +0,0 @@
-//! Implement deserialization support of [`ImmutableString`][crate::ImmutableString] for [`serde`].
-
-use crate::{Position, RhaiError, RhaiResultOf, ERR};
-use serde::de::{Deserializer, Visitor};
-use std::any::type_name;
-#[cfg(feature = "no_std")]
-use std::prelude::v1::*;
-
-/// Deserializer for `ImmutableString`.
-pub struct StringSliceDeserializer<'a> {
-    value: &'a str,
-}
-
-impl<'a> StringSliceDeserializer<'a> {
-    /// Create an `ImmutableStringDeserializer` from an `&str` reference.
-    #[must_use]
-    pub const fn from_str(value: &'a str) -> Self {
-        Self { value }
-    }
-    /// Shortcut for a type conversion error.
-    fn type_error<T>(&self) -> RhaiResultOf<T> {
-        Err(
-            ERR::ErrorMismatchOutputType(type_name::<T>().into(), "string".into(), Position::NONE)
-                .into(),
-        )
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'de> Deserializer<'de> for &mut StringSliceDeserializer<'de> {
-    type Error = RhaiError;
-
-    fn deserialize_any<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, v: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        self.deserialize_str(v)
-    }
-    fn deserialize_bool<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, _: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        self.type_error()
-    }
-    fn deserialize_i8<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, _: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        self.type_error()
-    }
-    fn deserialize_i16<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, _: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        self.type_error()
-    }
-    fn deserialize_i32<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, _: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        self.type_error()
-    }
-    fn deserialize_i64<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, _: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        self.type_error()
-    }
-    fn deserialize_u8<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, _: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        self.type_error()
-    }
-    fn deserialize_u16<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, _: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        self.type_error()
-    }
-    fn deserialize_u32<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, _: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        self.type_error()
-    }
-    fn deserialize_u64<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, _: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        self.type_error()
-    }
-    fn deserialize_f32<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, _: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        self.type_error()
-    }
-    fn deserialize_f64<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, _: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        self.type_error()
-    }
-    fn deserialize_char<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, _: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        self.type_error()
-    }
-    fn deserialize_str<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, v: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        // Only allow deserialization into a string.
-        v.visit_borrowed_str(self.value)
-    }
-    fn deserialize_string<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, visitor: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        self.deserialize_str(visitor)
-    }
-    fn deserialize_bytes<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, _: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        self.type_error()
-    }
-    fn deserialize_byte_buf<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, _: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        self.type_error()
-    }
-    fn deserialize_option<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, _: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        self.type_error()
-    }
-    fn deserialize_unit<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, _: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        self.type_error()
-    }
-    fn deserialize_unit_struct<V: Visitor<'de>>(
-        self,
-        _name: &'static str,
-        v: V,
-    ) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        self.deserialize_unit(v)
-    }
-    fn deserialize_newtype_struct<V: Visitor<'de>>(
-        self,
-        _name: &'static str,
-        v: V,
-    ) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        v.visit_newtype_struct(self)
-    }
-    fn deserialize_seq<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, _: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        self.type_error()
-    }
-    fn deserialize_tuple<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, _len: usize, v: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        self.deserialize_seq(v)
-    }
-    fn deserialize_tuple_struct<V: Visitor<'de>>(
-        self,
-        _name: &'static str,
-        _len: usize,
-        v: V,
-    ) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        self.deserialize_seq(v)
-    }
-    fn deserialize_map<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, _: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        self.type_error()
-    }
-    fn deserialize_struct<V: Visitor<'de>>(
-        self,
-        _name: &'static str,
-        _fields: &'static [&'static str],
-        v: V,
-    ) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        self.deserialize_map(v)
-    }
-    fn deserialize_enum<V: Visitor<'de>>(
-        self,
-        _name: &'static str,
-        _variants: &'static [&'static str],
-        _: V,
-    ) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        self.type_error()
-    }
-    fn deserialize_identifier<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, v: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        self.deserialize_str(v)
-    }
-    fn deserialize_ignored_any<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, v: V) -> RhaiResultOf<V::Value> {
-        self.deserialize_any(v)
-    }
-}

src/tests.rs

@@ -22,15 +22,7 @@ fn check_struct_sizes() {
     );
     assert_eq!(
         size_of::<tokenizer::Token>(),
-        if IS_32_BIT {
+        if IS_32_BIT { 8 } else { 16 }
-            if cfg!(feature = "decimal") {
-                24
-            } else {
-                16
-            }
-        } else {
-            32
-        }
     );
     assert_eq!(size_of::<ast::Expr>(), if PACKED { 12 } else { 16 });
     assert_eq!(size_of::<Option<ast::Expr>>(), if PACKED { 12 } else { 16 });

src/tokenizer.rs

@@ -381,15 +381,15 @@ pub enum Token {
     ///
     /// Requires the `decimal` feature.
     #[cfg(feature = "decimal")]
-    DecimalConstant(rust_decimal::Decimal),
+    DecimalConstant(Box<rust_decimal::Decimal>),
     /// An identifier.
-    Identifier(Identifier),
+    Identifier(Box<Identifier>),
     /// A character constant.
     CharConstant(char),
     /// A string constant.
-    StringConstant(SmartString),
+    StringConstant(Box<SmartString>),
     /// An interpolated string.
-    InterpolatedString(SmartString),
+    InterpolatedString(Box<SmartString>),
     /// `{`
     LeftBrace,
     /// `}`
@@ -570,14 +570,14 @@ pub enum Token {
     /// A lexer error.
     LexError(Box<LexError>),
     /// A comment block.
-    Comment(SmartString),
+    Comment(Box<SmartString>),
     /// A reserved symbol.
-    Reserved(SmartString),
+    Reserved(Box<SmartString>),
     /// A custom keyword.
     ///
     /// Not available under `no_custom_syntax`.
     #[cfg(not(feature = "no_custom_syntax"))]
-    Custom(SmartString),
+    Custom(Box<SmartString>),
     /// End of the input stream.
     EOF,
 }
@@ -699,7 +699,7 @@ impl Token {
             FloatConstant(f) => f.to_string().into(),
             #[cfg(feature = "decimal")]
             DecimalConstant(d) => d.to_string().into(),
-            StringConstant(..) => "string".into(),
+            StringConstant(s) => format!("\"{s}\"").into(),
             InterpolatedString(..) => "string".into(),
             CharConstant(c) => c.to_string().into(),
             Identifier(s) => s.to_string().into(),
@@ -874,9 +874,9 @@ impl Token {
             "**=" => PowerOfAssign,
 
             #[cfg(feature = "no_object")]
-            "?." => Reserved(syntax.into()),
+            "?." => Reserved(Box::new(syntax.into())),
             #[cfg(feature = "no_index")]
-            "?[" => Reserved(syntax.into()),
+            "?[" => Reserved(Box::new(syntax.into())),
 
             #[cfg(not(feature = "no_function"))]
             "fn" => Fn,
@@ -884,7 +884,7 @@ impl Token {
             "private" => Private,
 
             #[cfg(feature = "no_function")]
-            "fn" | "private" => Reserved(syntax.into()),
+            "fn" | "private" => Reserved(Box::new(syntax.into())),
 
             #[cfg(not(feature = "no_module"))]
             "import" => Import,
@@ -894,25 +894,27 @@ impl Token {
             "as" => As,
 
             #[cfg(feature = "no_module")]
-            "import" | "export" | "as" => Reserved(syntax.into()),
+            "import" | "export" | "as" => Reserved(Box::new(syntax.into())),
 
             // List of reserved operators
             "===" | "!==" | "->" | "<-" | "?" | ":=" | ":;" | "~" | "!." | "::<" | "(*" | "*)"
-            | "#" | "#!" | "@" | "$" | "++" | "--" | "..." | "<|" | "|>" => Reserved(syntax.into()),
+            | "#" | "#!" | "@" | "$" | "++" | "--" | "..." | "<|" | "|>" => {
+                Reserved(Box::new(syntax.into()))
+            }
 
             // List of reserved keywords
             "public" | "protected" | "super" | "new" | "use" | "module" | "package" | "var"
             | "static" | "shared" | "with" | "is" | "goto" | "exit" | "match" | "case"
             | "default" | "void" | "null" | "nil" | "spawn" | "thread" | "go" | "sync"
-            | "async" | "await" | "yield" => Reserved(syntax.into()),
+            | "async" | "await" | "yield" => Reserved(Box::new(syntax.into())),
 
             KEYWORD_PRINT | KEYWORD_DEBUG | KEYWORD_TYPE_OF | KEYWORD_EVAL | KEYWORD_FN_PTR
             | KEYWORD_FN_PTR_CALL | KEYWORD_FN_PTR_CURRY | KEYWORD_THIS | KEYWORD_IS_DEF_VAR => {
-                Reserved(syntax.into())
+                Reserved(Box::new(syntax.into()))
             }
 
             #[cfg(not(feature = "no_function"))]
-            crate::engine::KEYWORD_IS_DEF_FN => Reserved(syntax.into()),
+            crate::engine::KEYWORD_IS_DEF_FN => Reserved(Box::new(syntax.into())),
 
             _ => return None,
         })
@@ -1097,8 +1099,8 @@ impl Token {
     pub(crate) fn into_function_name_for_override(self) -> Result<SmartString, Self> {
         match self {
             #[cfg(not(feature = "no_custom_syntax"))]
-            Self::Custom(s) if is_valid_function_name(&s) => Ok(s),
+            Self::Custom(s) if is_valid_function_name(&s) => Ok(*s),
-            Self::Identifier(s) if is_valid_function_name(&s) => Ok(s),
+            Self::Identifier(s) if is_valid_function_name(&s) => Ok(*s),
             _ => Err(self),
         }
     }
@@ -1510,7 +1512,7 @@ fn get_next_token_inner(
         let return_comment = return_comment || is_doc_comment(comment.as_ref().expect("`Some`"));
 
         if return_comment {
-            return Some((Token::Comment(comment.expect("`Some`")), start_pos));
+            return Some((Token::Comment(comment.expect("`Some`").into()), start_pos));
         }
         if state.comment_level > 0 {
             // Reached EOF without ending comment block
@@ -1524,9 +1526,9 @@ fn get_next_token_inner(
             |(err, err_pos)| Some((Token::LexError(err.into()), err_pos)),
             |(result, interpolated, start_pos)| {
                 if interpolated {
-                    Some((Token::InterpolatedString(result), start_pos))
+                    Some((Token::InterpolatedString(result.into()), start_pos))
                 } else {
-                    Some((Token::StringConstant(result), start_pos))
+                    Some((Token::StringConstant(result.into()), start_pos))
                 }
             },
         );
@@ -1676,13 +1678,16 @@ fn get_next_token_inner(
                         // Then try decimal
                         #[cfg(feature = "decimal")]
                         let num = num.or_else(|_| {
-                            rust_decimal::Decimal::from_str(&result).map(Token::DecimalConstant)
+                            rust_decimal::Decimal::from_str(&result)
+                                .map(Box::new)
+                                .map(Token::DecimalConstant)
                         });
 
                         // Then try decimal in scientific notation
                         #[cfg(feature = "decimal")]
                         let num = num.or_else(|_| {
                             rust_decimal::Decimal::from_scientific(&result)
+                                .map(Box::new)
                                 .map(Token::DecimalConstant)
                         });
 
@@ -1709,7 +1714,7 @@ fn get_next_token_inner(
                 return parse_string_literal(stream, state, pos, c, false, true, false)
                     .map_or_else(
                         |(err, err_pos)| Some((Token::LexError(err.into()), err_pos)),
-                        |(result, ..)| Some((Token::StringConstant(result), start_pos)),
+                        |(result, ..)| Some((Token::StringConstant(result.into()), start_pos)),
                     );
             }
             // ` - string literal
@@ -1737,9 +1742,9 @@ fn get_next_token_inner(
                     |(err, err_pos)| Some((Token::LexError(err.into()), err_pos)),
                     |(result, interpolated, ..)| {
                         if interpolated {
-                            Some((Token::InterpolatedString(result), start_pos))
+                            Some((Token::InterpolatedString(result.into()), start_pos))
                         } else {
-                            Some((Token::StringConstant(result), start_pos))
+                            Some((Token::StringConstant(result.into()), start_pos))
                         }
                     },
                 );
@@ -1786,7 +1791,7 @@ fn get_next_token_inner(
             // Parentheses
             ('(', '*') => {
                 eat_next(stream, pos);
-                return Some((Token::Reserved("(*".into()), start_pos));
+                return Some((Token::Reserved(Box::new("(*".into())), start_pos));
             }
             ('(', ..) => return Some((Token::LeftParen, start_pos)),
             (')', ..) => return Some((Token::RightParen, start_pos)),
@@ -1802,7 +1807,7 @@ fn get_next_token_inner(
                 return Some((Token::MapStart, start_pos));
             }
             // Shebang
-            ('#', '!') => return Some((Token::Reserved("#!".into()), start_pos)),
+            ('#', '!') => return Some((Token::Reserved(Box::new("#!".into())), start_pos)),
 
             ('#', ' ') => {
                 eat_next(stream, pos);
@@ -1812,10 +1817,10 @@ fn get_next_token_inner(
                 } else {
                     "#"
                 };
-                return Some((Token::Reserved(token.into()), start_pos));
+                return Some((Token::Reserved(Box::new(token.into())), start_pos));
             }
 
-            ('#', ..) => return Some((Token::Reserved("#".into()), start_pos)),
+            ('#', ..) => return Some((Token::Reserved(Box::new("#".into())), start_pos)),
 
             // Operators
             ('+', '=') => {
@@ -1824,7 +1829,7 @@ fn get_next_token_inner(
             }
             ('+', '+') => {
                 eat_next(stream, pos);
-                return Some((Token::Reserved("++".into()), start_pos));
+                return Some((Token::Reserved(Box::new("++".into())), start_pos));
             }
             ('+', ..) if !state.next_token_cannot_be_unary => {
                 return Some((Token::UnaryPlus, start_pos))
@@ -1839,11 +1844,11 @@ fn get_next_token_inner(
             }
             ('-', '>') => {
                 eat_next(stream, pos);
-                return Some((Token::Reserved("->".into()), start_pos));
+                return Some((Token::Reserved(Box::new("->".into())), start_pos));
             }
             ('-', '-') => {
                 eat_next(stream, pos);
-                return Some((Token::Reserved("--".into()), start_pos));
+                return Some((Token::Reserved(Box::new("--".into())), start_pos));
             }
             ('-', ..) if !state.next_token_cannot_be_unary => {
                 return Some((Token::UnaryMinus, start_pos))
@@ -1852,7 +1857,7 @@ fn get_next_token_inner(
 
             ('*', ')') => {
                 eat_next(stream, pos);
-                return Some((Token::Reserved("*)".into()), start_pos));
+                return Some((Token::Reserved(Box::new("*)".into())), start_pos));
             }
             ('*', '=') => {
                 eat_next(stream, pos);
@@ -1925,7 +1930,7 @@ fn get_next_token_inner(
                             .borrow_mut()
                             .global_comments
                             .push(comment),
-                        _ => return Some((Token::Comment(comment), start_pos)),
+                        _ => return Some((Token::Comment(comment.into()), start_pos)),
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -1953,7 +1958,7 @@ fn get_next_token_inner(
                     scan_block_comment(stream, state.comment_level, pos, comment.as_mut());
 
                 if let Some(comment) = comment {
-                    return Some((Token::Comment(comment), start_pos));
+                    return Some((Token::Comment(comment.into()), start_pos));
                 }
             }
 
@@ -1972,7 +1977,7 @@ fn get_next_token_inner(
                     match stream.peek_next() {
                         Some('.') => {
                             eat_next(stream, pos);
-                            Token::Reserved("...".into())
+                            Token::Reserved(Box::new("...".into()))
                         }
                         Some('=') => {
                             eat_next(stream, pos);
@@ -1990,7 +1995,7 @@ fn get_next_token_inner(
 
                 if stream.peek_next() == Some('=') {
                     eat_next(stream, pos);
-                    return Some((Token::Reserved("===".into()), start_pos));
+                    return Some((Token::Reserved(Box::new("===".into())), start_pos));
                 }
 
                 return Some((Token::EqualsTo, start_pos));
@@ -2007,18 +2012,18 @@ fn get_next_token_inner(
 
                 if stream.peek_next() == Some('<') {
                     eat_next(stream, pos);
-                    return Some((Token::Reserved("::<".into()), start_pos));
+                    return Some((Token::Reserved(Box::new("::<".into())), start_pos));
                 }
 
                 return Some((Token::DoubleColon, start_pos));
             }
             (':', '=') => {
                 eat_next(stream, pos);
-                return Some((Token::Reserved(":=".into()), start_pos));
+                return Some((Token::Reserved(Box::new(":=".into())), start_pos));
             }
             (':', ';') => {
                 eat_next(stream, pos);
-                return Some((Token::Reserved(":;".into()), start_pos));
+                return Some((Token::Reserved(Box::new(":;".into())), start_pos));
             }
             (':', ..) => return Some((Token::Colon, start_pos)),
 
@@ -2028,7 +2033,7 @@ fn get_next_token_inner(
             }
             ('<', '-') => {
                 eat_next(stream, pos);
-                return Some((Token::Reserved("<-".into()), start_pos));
+                return Some((Token::Reserved(Box::new("<-".into())), start_pos));
             }
             ('<', '<') => {
                 eat_next(stream, pos);
@@ -2045,7 +2050,7 @@ fn get_next_token_inner(
             }
             ('<', '|') => {
                 eat_next(stream, pos);
-                return Some((Token::Reserved("<|".into()), start_pos));
+                return Some((Token::Reserved(Box::new("<|".into())), start_pos));
             }
             ('<', ..) => return Some((Token::LessThan, start_pos)),
 
@@ -2073,14 +2078,14 @@ fn get_next_token_inner(
 
                 if stream.peek_next() == Some('=') {
                     eat_next(stream, pos);
-                    return Some((Token::Reserved("!==".into()), start_pos));
+                    return Some((Token::Reserved(Box::new("!==".into())), start_pos));
                 }
 
                 return Some((Token::NotEqualsTo, start_pos));
             }
             ('!', '.') => {
                 eat_next(stream, pos);
-                return Some((Token::Reserved("!.".into()), start_pos));
+                return Some((Token::Reserved(Box::new("!.".into())), start_pos));
             }
             ('!', ..) => return Some((Token::Bang, start_pos)),
 
@@ -2094,7 +2099,7 @@ fn get_next_token_inner(
             }
             ('|', '>') => {
                 eat_next(stream, pos);
-                return Some((Token::Reserved("|>".into()), start_pos));
+                return Some((Token::Reserved(Box::new("|>".into())), start_pos));
             }
             ('|', ..) => return Some((Token::Pipe, start_pos)),
 
@@ -2114,7 +2119,7 @@ fn get_next_token_inner(
             }
             ('^', ..) => return Some((Token::XOr, start_pos)),
 
-            ('~', ..) => return Some((Token::Reserved("~".into()), start_pos)),
+            ('~', ..) => return Some((Token::Reserved(Box::new("~".into())), start_pos)),
 
             ('%', '=') => {
                 eat_next(stream, pos);
@@ -2122,9 +2127,9 @@ fn get_next_token_inner(
             }
             ('%', ..) => return Some((Token::Modulo, start_pos)),
 
-            ('@', ..) => return Some((Token::Reserved("@".into()), start_pos)),
+            ('@', ..) => return Some((Token::Reserved(Box::new("@".into())), start_pos)),
 
-            ('$', ..) => return Some((Token::Reserved("$".into()), start_pos)),
+            ('$', ..) => return Some((Token::Reserved(Box::new("$".into())), start_pos)),
 
             ('?', '.') => {
                 eat_next(stream, pos);
@@ -2132,7 +2137,7 @@ fn get_next_token_inner(
                     #[cfg(not(feature = "no_object"))]
                     Token::Elvis,
                     #[cfg(feature = "no_object")]
-                    Token::Reserved("?.".into()),
+                    Token::Reserved(Box::new("?.".into())),
                     start_pos,
                 ));
             }
@@ -2146,11 +2151,11 @@ fn get_next_token_inner(
                     #[cfg(not(feature = "no_index"))]
                     Token::QuestionBracket,
                     #[cfg(feature = "no_index")]
-                    Token::Reserved("?[".into()),
+                    Token::Reserved(Box::new("?[".into())),
                     start_pos,
                 ));
             }
-            ('?', ..) => return Some((Token::Reserved("?".into()), start_pos)),
+            ('?', ..) => return Some((Token::Reserved(Box::new("?".into())), start_pos)),
 
             (ch, ..) if ch.is_whitespace() => (),
 
@@ -2201,7 +2206,7 @@ fn get_identifier(
         );
     }
 
-    (Token::Identifier(identifier), start_pos)
+    (Token::Identifier(identifier.into()), start_pos)
 }
 
 /// Is a keyword allowed as a function?
@@ -2382,7 +2387,7 @@ impl<'a> Iterator for TokenIterator<'a> {
             }
             // Reserved keyword/symbol
             Some((Token::Reserved(s), pos)) => (match
-                (&*s,
+                (s.as_str(),
                     #[cfg(not(feature = "no_custom_syntax"))]
                     (!self.engine.custom_keywords.is_empty() && self.engine.custom_keywords.contains_key(&*s)),
                     #[cfg(feature = "no_custom_syntax")]
@@ -2438,7 +2443,7 @@ impl<'a> Iterator for TokenIterator<'a> {
             Some((token, pos)) if !self.engine.custom_keywords.is_empty() && self.engine.custom_keywords.contains_key(token.literal_syntax()) => {
                 if !self.engine.disabled_symbols.is_empty() && self.engine.disabled_symbols.contains(token.literal_syntax()) {
                     // Disabled standard keyword/symbol
-                    (Token::Custom(token.literal_syntax().into()), pos)
+                    (Token::Custom(Box::new(token.literal_syntax().into())), pos)
                 } else {
                     // Active standard keyword - should never be a custom keyword!
                     unreachable!("{:?} is an active keyword", token)
@@ -2446,7 +2451,7 @@ impl<'a> Iterator for TokenIterator<'a> {
             }
             // Disabled symbol
             Some((token, pos)) if !self.engine.disabled_symbols.is_empty() && self.engine.disabled_symbols.contains(token.literal_syntax()) => {
-                (Token::Reserved(token.literal_syntax().into()), pos)
+                (Token::Reserved(Box::new(token.literal_syntax().into())), pos)
             }
             // Normal symbol
             Some(r) => r,

src/types/dynamic.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
-//! Helper module which defines the [`Dynamic`] data type and the
+//! Helper module which defines the [`Dynamic`] data type.
-//! [`Any`] trait to to allow custom type handling.
 
-use crate::func::SendSync;
 use crate::{reify, ExclusiveRange, FnPtr, ImmutableString, InclusiveRange, INT};
 #[cfg(feature = "no_std")]
 use std::prelude::v1::*;
@@ -14,6 +12,8 @@ use std::{
     str::FromStr,
 };
 
+pub use super::Variant;
+
 #[cfg(not(feature = "no_std"))]
 #[cfg(not(target_family = "wasm"))]
 pub use std::time::Instant;
@@ -26,105 +26,6 @@ pub use instant::Instant;
 #[allow(dead_code)]
 const CHECKED: &str = "data type was checked";
 
-mod private {
-    use crate::func::SendSync;
-    use std::any::Any;
-
-    /// A sealed trait that prevents other crates from implementing [`Variant`][super::Variant].
-    pub trait Sealed {}
-
-    impl<T: Any + Clone + SendSync> Sealed for T {}
-}
-
-/// _(internals)_ Trait to represent any type.
-/// Exported under the `internals` feature only.
-///
-/// This trait is sealed and cannot be implemented.
-///
-/// Currently, [`Variant`] is not [`Send`] nor [`Sync`], so it can practically be any type.
-/// Turn on the `sync` feature to restrict it to only types that implement [`Send`] `+` [`Sync`].
-#[cfg(not(feature = "sync"))]
-pub trait Variant: Any + private::Sealed {
-    /// Convert this [`Variant`] trait object to [`&dyn Any`][Any].
-    #[must_use]
-    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any;
-
-    /// Convert this [`Variant`] trait object to [`&mut dyn Any`][Any].
-    #[must_use]
-    fn as_any_mut(&mut self) -> &mut dyn Any;
-
-    /// Convert this [`Variant`] trait object to [`Box<dyn Any>`][Any].
-    #[must_use]
-    fn as_boxed_any(self: Box<Self>) -> Box<dyn Any>;
-
-    /// Get the name of this type.
-    #[must_use]
-    fn type_name(&self) -> &'static str;
-
-    /// Clone this [`Variant`] trait object.
-    #[must_use]
-    fn clone_object(&self) -> Box<dyn Variant>;
-}
-
-/// _(internals)_ Trait to represent any type.
-/// Exported under the `internals` feature only.
-///
-/// This trait is sealed and cannot be implemented.
-#[cfg(feature = "sync")]
-pub trait Variant: Any + Send + Sync + private::Sealed {
-    /// Convert this [`Variant`] trait object to [`&dyn Any`][Any].
-    #[must_use]
-    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any;
-
-    /// Convert this [`Variant`] trait object to [`&mut dyn Any`][Any].
-    #[must_use]
-    fn as_any_mut(&mut self) -> &mut dyn Any;
-
-    /// Convert this [`Variant`] trait object to [`Box<dyn Any>`][Any].
-    #[must_use]
-    fn as_boxed_any(self: Box<Self>) -> Box<dyn Any>;
-
-    /// Get the name of this type.
-    #[must_use]
-    fn type_name(&self) -> &'static str;
-
-    /// Clone this [`Variant`] trait object.
-    #[must_use]
-    fn clone_object(&self) -> Box<dyn Variant>;
-}
-
-impl<T: Any + Clone + SendSync> Variant for T {
-    #[inline(always)]
-    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any {
-        self
-    }
-    #[inline(always)]
-    fn as_any_mut(&mut self) -> &mut dyn Any {
-        self
-    }
-    #[inline(always)]
-    fn as_boxed_any(self: Box<Self>) -> Box<dyn Any> {
-        self
-    }
-    #[inline(always)]
-    fn type_name(&self) -> &'static str {
-        type_name::<T>()
-    }
-    #[inline(always)]
-    fn clone_object(&self) -> Box<dyn Variant> {
-        Box::new(self.clone()) as Box<dyn Variant>
-    }
-}
-
-impl dyn Variant {
-    /// Is this [`Variant`] a specific type?
-    #[inline(always)]
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn is<T: Any>(&self) -> bool {
-        TypeId::of::<T>() == self.type_id()
-    }
-}
-
 /// _(internals)_ Modes of access.
 /// Exported under the `internals` feature only.
 #[derive(Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Copy, Clone)]
@@ -252,6 +153,7 @@ impl<'d, T: Any + Clone> Deref for DynamicWriteLock<'d, T> {
     type Target = T;
 
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
         match self.0 {
             DynamicWriteLockInner::Reference(ref reference) => *reference,
@@ -263,6 +165,7 @@ impl<'d, T: Any + Clone> Deref for DynamicWriteLock<'d, T> {
 
 impl<'d, T: Any + Clone> DerefMut for DynamicWriteLock<'d, T> {
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
         match self.0 {
             DynamicWriteLockInner::Reference(ref mut reference) => *reference,

src/types/error.rs

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ use std::prelude::v1::*;
 /// Turn on the `sync` feature to make it [`Send`] `+` [`Sync`].
 #[derive(Debug)]
 #[non_exhaustive]
+#[must_use]
 pub enum EvalAltResult {
     /// System error. Wrapped values are the error message and the internal error.
     #[cfg(not(feature = "sync"))]
@@ -494,6 +495,7 @@ impl EvalAltResult {
     /// The [position][Position] of this error is set to [`NONE`][Position::NONE] afterwards.
     #[cold]
     #[inline(never)]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn take_position(&mut self) -> Position {
         let pos = self.position();
         self.set_position(Position::NONE);

src/types/immutable_string.rs

@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ impl Deref for ImmutableString {
     type Target = SmartString;
 
     #[inline(always)]
+    #[must_use]
     fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
         &self.0
     }
@@ -60,6 +61,7 @@ impl Deref for ImmutableString {
 
 impl AsRef<SmartString> for ImmutableString {
     #[inline(always)]
+    #[must_use]
     fn as_ref(&self) -> &SmartString {
         &self.0
     }
@@ -67,6 +69,7 @@ impl AsRef<SmartString> for ImmutableString {
 
 impl AsRef<str> for ImmutableString {
     #[inline(always)]
+    #[must_use]
     fn as_ref(&self) -> &str {
         &self.0
     }
@@ -74,6 +77,7 @@ impl AsRef<str> for ImmutableString {
 
 impl Borrow<SmartString> for ImmutableString {
     #[inline(always)]
+    #[must_use]
     fn borrow(&self) -> &SmartString {
         &self.0
     }
@@ -81,6 +85,7 @@ impl Borrow<SmartString> for ImmutableString {
 
 impl Borrow<str> for ImmutableString {
     #[inline(always)]
+    #[must_use]
     fn borrow(&self) -> &str {
         self.as_str()
     }
@@ -623,7 +628,7 @@ impl ImmutableString {
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn into_owned(mut self) -> String {
-        self.make_mut(); // Make sure it is unique reference
+        let _ = self.make_mut(); // Make sure it is unique reference
         shared_take(self.0).into() // Should succeed
     }
     /// Make sure that the [`ImmutableString`] is unique (i.e. no other outstanding references).
@@ -631,6 +636,7 @@ impl ImmutableString {
     ///
     /// If there are other references to the same string, a cloned copy is used.
     #[inline(always)]
+    #[must_use]
     pub(crate) fn make_mut(&mut self) -> &mut SmartString {
         shared_make_mut(&mut self.0)
     }

src/types/mod.rs

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ pub mod immutable_string;
 pub mod interner;
 pub mod parse_error;
 pub mod scope;
+pub mod variant;
 
 pub use bloom_filter::BloomFilterU64;
 pub use custom_types::{CustomTypeInfo, CustomTypesCollection};
@@ -21,3 +22,4 @@ pub use immutable_string::ImmutableString;
 pub use interner::StringsInterner;
 pub use parse_error::{LexError, ParseError, ParseErrorType};
 pub use scope::Scope;
+pub use variant::Variant;

src/types/parse_error.rs

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ use std::prelude::v1::*;
 /// Error encountered when tokenizing the script text.
 #[derive(Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Clone, Hash)]
 #[non_exhaustive]
+#[must_use]
 pub enum LexError {
     /// An unexpected symbol is encountered when tokenizing the script text.
     UnexpectedInput(String),
@@ -58,8 +59,8 @@ impl fmt::Display for LexError {
 
 impl LexError {
     /// Convert a [`LexError`] into a [`ParseError`].
-    #[inline(always)]
+    #[cold]
-    #[must_use]
+    #[inline(never)]
     pub fn into_err(self, pos: Position) -> ParseError {
         ParseError(Box::new(self.into()), pos)
     }
@@ -72,6 +73,7 @@ impl LexError {
 /// massive code changes to remove/add back enum variants in match statements.
 #[derive(Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Clone, Hash)]
 #[non_exhaustive]
+#[must_use]
 pub enum ParseErrorType {
     /// The script ends prematurely.
     UnexpectedEOF,
@@ -171,7 +173,8 @@ pub enum ParseErrorType {
 
 impl ParseErrorType {
     /// Make a [`ParseError`] using the current type and position.
-    #[inline(always)]
+    #[cold]
+    #[inline(never)]
     #[must_use]
     pub(crate) fn into_err(self, pos: Position) -> ParseError {
         ParseError(self.into(), pos)
@@ -277,6 +280,7 @@ impl From<LexError> for ParseErrorType {
 
 /// Error when parsing a script.
 #[derive(Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Clone, Hash)]
+#[must_use]
 pub struct ParseError(
     /// Parse error type.
     pub Box<ParseErrorType>,

src/types/scope.rs

@@ -22,6 +22,14 @@ const SCOPE_ENTRIES_INLINED: usize = 8;
 /// Currently the lifetime parameter is not used, but it is not guaranteed to remain unused for
 /// future versions. Until then, `'static` can be used.
 ///
+/// # Constant Generic Parameter
+///
+/// There is a constant generic parameter that indicates how many entries to keep inline.
+/// As long as the number of entries does not exceed this limit, no allocations occur.
+/// The default is 8.
+///
+/// A larger value makes [`Scope`] larger, but reduces the chance of allocations.
+///
 /// # Thread Safety
 ///
 /// Currently, [`Scope`] is neither [`Send`] nor [`Sync`]. Turn on the `sync` feature to make it
@@ -61,7 +69,7 @@ const SCOPE_ENTRIES_INLINED: usize = 8;
 //
 // [`Dynamic`] is reasonably small so packing it tightly improves cache performance.
 #[derive(Debug, Hash, Default)]
-pub struct Scope<'a> {
+pub struct Scope<'a, const N: usize = SCOPE_ENTRIES_INLINED> {
     /// Current value of the entry.
     values: SmallVec<[Dynamic; SCOPE_ENTRIES_INLINED]>,
     /// Name of the entry.
@@ -170,6 +178,28 @@ impl Scope<'_> {
             dummy: PhantomData,
         }
     }
+    /// Create a new [`Scope`] with a particular capacity.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use rhai::Scope;
+    ///
+    /// let mut my_scope = Scope::with_capacity(10);
+    ///
+    /// my_scope.push("x", 42_i64);
+    /// assert_eq!(my_scope.get_value::<i64>("x").expect("x should exist"), 42);
+    /// ```
+    #[inline(always)]
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn with_capacity(capacity: usize) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            values: SmallVec::with_capacity(capacity),
+            names: SmallVec::with_capacity(capacity),
+            aliases: SmallVec::with_capacity(capacity),
+            dummy: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
     /// Empty the [`Scope`].
     ///
     /// # Example

src/types/variant.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+//! [`Variant`] trait to to allow custom type handling.
+
+use crate::func::SendSync;
+use std::any::{type_name, Any, TypeId};
+#[cfg(feature = "no_std")]
+use std::prelude::v1::*;
+
+mod private {
+    use crate::func::SendSync;
+    use std::any::Any;
+
+    /// A sealed trait that prevents other crates from implementing [`Variant`][super::Variant].
+    pub trait Sealed {}
+
+    impl<T: Any + Clone + SendSync> Sealed for T {}
+}
+
+/// _(internals)_ Trait to represent any type.
+/// Exported under the `internals` feature only.
+///
+/// This trait is sealed and cannot be implemented.
+///
+/// Currently, [`Variant`] is not [`Send`] nor [`Sync`], so it can practically be any type.
+/// Turn on the `sync` feature to restrict it to only types that implement [`Send`] `+` [`Sync`].
+#[cfg(not(feature = "sync"))]
+pub trait Variant: Any + private::Sealed {
+    /// Convert this [`Variant`] trait object to [`&dyn Any`][Any].
+    #[must_use]
+    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any;
+
+    /// Convert this [`Variant`] trait object to [`&mut dyn Any`][Any].
+    #[must_use]
+    fn as_any_mut(&mut self) -> &mut dyn Any;
+
+    /// Convert this [`Variant`] trait object to [`Box<dyn Any>`][Any].
+    #[must_use]
+    fn as_boxed_any(self: Box<Self>) -> Box<dyn Any>;
+
+    /// Get the name of this type.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn type_name(&self) -> &'static str;
+
+    /// Clone this [`Variant`] trait object.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn clone_object(&self) -> Box<dyn Variant>;
+}
+
+/// _(internals)_ Trait to represent any type.
+/// Exported under the `internals` feature only.
+///
+/// This trait is sealed and cannot be implemented.
+#[cfg(feature = "sync")]
+pub trait Variant: Any + Send + Sync + private::Sealed {
+    /// Convert this [`Variant`] trait object to [`&dyn Any`][Any].
+    #[must_use]
+    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any;
+
+    /// Convert this [`Variant`] trait object to [`&mut dyn Any`][Any].
+    #[must_use]
+    fn as_any_mut(&mut self) -> &mut dyn Any;
+
+    /// Convert this [`Variant`] trait object to [`Box<dyn Any>`][Any].
+    #[must_use]
+    fn as_boxed_any(self: Box<Self>) -> Box<dyn Any>;
+
+    /// Get the name of this type.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn type_name(&self) -> &'static str;
+
+    /// Clone this [`Variant`] trait object.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn clone_object(&self) -> Box<dyn Variant>;
+}
+
+impl<T: Any + Clone + SendSync> Variant for T {
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any {
+        self
+    }
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn as_any_mut(&mut self) -> &mut dyn Any {
+        self
+    }
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn as_boxed_any(self: Box<Self>) -> Box<dyn Any> {
+        self
+    }
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn type_name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        type_name::<T>()
+    }
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn clone_object(&self) -> Box<dyn Variant> {
+        Box::new(self.clone()) as Box<dyn Variant>
+    }
+}
+
+impl dyn Variant {
+    /// Is this [`Variant`] a specific type?
+    #[inline(always)]
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn is<T: Any>(&self) -> bool {
+        TypeId::of::<T>() == self.type_id()
+    }
+}

tests/custom_syntax.rs

@@ -256,10 +256,18 @@ fn test_custom_syntax_raw() -> Result<(), Box<EvalAltResult>> {
 
     engine.register_custom_syntax_with_state_raw(
         "hello",
-        |stream, _, state| match stream.len() {
+        |stream, look_ahead, state| match stream.len() {
             0 => unreachable!(),
-            1 => Ok(Some("$ident$".into())),
+            1 if look_ahead == "\"world\"" => {
+                *state = Dynamic::TRUE;
+                Ok(Some("$string$".into()))
+            }
+            1 => {
+                *state = Dynamic::FALSE;
+                Ok(Some("$ident$".into()))
+            }
             2 => match stream[1].as_str() {
+                "world" if state.as_bool().unwrap_or(false) => Ok(Some("$$world".into())),
                 "world" => Ok(Some("$$hello".into())),
                 "kitty" => {
                     *state = (42 as INT).into();
@@ -276,16 +284,11 @@ fn test_custom_syntax_raw() -> Result<(), Box<EvalAltResult>> {
             context.scope_mut().push("foo", 999 as INT);
 
             Ok(match inputs[0].get_string_value().unwrap() {
-                "world"
+                "world" => match inputs.last().unwrap().get_string_value().unwrap_or("") {
-                    if inputs
+                    "$$hello" => 0 as INT,
-                        .last()
+                    "$$world" => 123456 as INT,
-                        .unwrap()
+                    _ => 123 as INT,
-                        .get_string_value()
+                },
-                        .map_or(false, |s| s == "$$hello") =>
-                {
-                    0 as INT
-                }
-                "world" => 123 as INT,
                 "kitty" if inputs.len() > 1 => 999 as INT,
                 "kitty" => state.as_int().unwrap(),
                 _ => unreachable!(),
@@ -294,6 +297,7 @@ fn test_custom_syntax_raw() -> Result<(), Box<EvalAltResult>> {
         },
     );
 
+    assert_eq!(engine.eval::<INT>(r#"hello "world""#)?, 123456);
     assert_eq!(engine.eval::<INT>("hello world")?, 0);
     assert_eq!(engine.eval::<INT>("hello kitty")?, 42);
     assert_eq!(

tests/operations.rs

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ fn test_max_operations() -> Result<(), Box<EvalAltResult>> {
 
     engine.on_progress(|count| {
         if count % 100 == 0 {
-            println!("{}", count);
+            println!("{count}");
         }
         None
     });
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ fn test_max_operations_functions() -> Result<(), Box<EvalAltResult>> {
 
     engine.on_progress(|count| {
         if count % 100 == 0 {
-            println!("{}", count);
+            println!("{count}");
         }
         None
     });
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ fn test_max_operations_eval() -> Result<(), Box<EvalAltResult>> {
 
     engine.on_progress(|count| {
         if count % 100 == 0 {
-            println!("{}", count);
+            println!("{count}");
         }
         None
     });

tests/plugins.rs

@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ mod test {
         #[rhai_fn(name = "no_effect", set = "no_effect", pure)]
         pub fn no_effect(array: &mut Array, value: INT) {
             // array is not modified
-            println!("Array = {:?}, Value = {}", array, value);
+            println!("Array = {array:?}, Value = {value}");
         }
     }
 }

tests/print.rs

@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ fn test_print_debug() -> Result<(), Box<EvalAltResult>> {
     );
 
     for entry in logbook.read().unwrap().iter() {
-        println!("{}", entry);
+        println!("{entry}");
     }
 
     Ok(())

tests/serde.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 use rhai::{
     serde::{from_dynamic, to_dynamic},
-    Dynamic, Engine, EvalAltResult, ImmutableString, INT,
+    Dynamic, Engine, EvalAltResult, ImmutableString, Scope, INT,
 };
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use serde_json::json;
@@ -820,6 +820,37 @@ fn test_serde_blob() -> Result<(), Box<EvalAltResult>> {
 #[cfg(not(feature = "no_object"))]
 fn test_serde_json_borrowed_string() {
     let value = json!({ "a": "b" });
-    println!("value: {:?}", value);
+    println!("value: {value:?}");
     let _: Dynamic = serde_json::from_value(value).unwrap();
 }
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(not(feature = "no_object"))]
+fn test_serde_scope() {
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+    struct TestStruct {
+        foo: Option<char>,
+    }
+
+    let mut scope = Scope::new();
+    scope.push("x", 42 as INT);
+    scope.push_constant("y", true);
+    scope.push("z", TestStruct { foo: None });
+
+    let json = serde_json::to_string(&scope).unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        json,
+        r#"[{"name":"x","value":42},{"name":"y","value":true,"is_constant":true},{"name":"z","value":"serde::test_serde_scope::TestStruct"}]"#
+    );
+
+    scope = serde_json::from_str(&json).unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(scope.len(), 3);
+    assert_eq!(scope.get_value::<INT>("x").unwrap(), 42);
+    assert_eq!(scope.get_value::<bool>("y").unwrap(), true);
+    assert_eq!(
+        scope.get_value::<String>("z").unwrap(),
+        "serde::test_serde_scope::TestStruct"
+    );
+}

tests/var_scope.rs

@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ fn test_scope_eval() -> Result<(), Box<EvalAltResult>> {
     // Second invocation using the same state
     let result = engine.eval_with_scope::<INT>(&mut scope, "x")?;
 
-    println!("result: {}", result); // should print 966
+    println!("result: {result}"); // should print 966
 
     // Variable y is changed in the script
     assert_eq!(