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---
slug: /1007/kubernetes/
---
# Deploy to Kubernetes with Dagger
This tutorial illustrates how to use Dagger to build, push and deploy Docker images to Kubernetes.
import Tabs from '@theme/Tabs'; import TabItem from '@theme/TabItem';
## Prerequisites
For this tutorial, you will need a Kubernetes cluster.
<Tabs defaultValue="kind"
groupId="provider"
values={[
{label: 'kind', value: 'kind'}, {label: 'GKE', value: 'gke'}, {label: 'EKS', value: 'eks'},
]}>
<TabItem value="kind">
[Kind](https://kind.sigs.k8s.io/docs/user/quick-start) is a tool for running local Kubernetes clusters using Docker.
1\. Install kind
Follow [these instructions](https://kind.sigs.k8s.io/docs/user/quick-start) to install Kind.
Alternatively, on macOS using [homebrew](https://brew.sh/):
```shell
brew install kind
```
2\. Start a local registry
```shell
docker run -d -p 5000:5000 --name registry registry:2
```
3\. Create a cluster with the local registry enabled in containerd
```shell
cat <<EOF | kind create cluster --config=-
kind: Cluster
apiVersion: kind.x-k8s.io/v1alpha4
containerdConfigPatches:
- |-
[plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry.mirrors."localhost:5000"]
endpoint = ["http://registry:5000"]
EOF
```
4\. Connect the registry to the cluster network
```shell
docker network connect kind registry
```
</TabItem>
<TabItem value="gke">
This tutorial can be run against a [GCP GKE](https://cloud.google.com/kubernetes-engine) cluster
and [GCR](https://cloud.google.com/container-registry). You can follow
this [GCP documentation](https://cloud.google.com/kubernetes-engine/docs/quickstart) to create a GKE cluster. You will
also need to create
a [kubeconfig](https://cloud.google.com/kubernetes-engine/docs/quickstart#get_authentication_credentials_for_the_cluster)
.
</TabItem>
<TabItem value="eks">
This tutorial can be run against a [AWS EKS](https://aws.amazon.com/eks/) cluster and [ECR](https://aws.amazon.com/ecr/)
. You can follow this [AWS documentation](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/eks/latest/userguide/getting-started-console.html)
to create an EKS cluster. You will also need to create
a [kubeconfig](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/eks/latest/userguide/create-kubeconfig.html).
</TabItem>
</Tabs>
## Initialize a Dagger Project and Environment
### (optional) Setup example app
You will need the local copy of the [Dagger examples repository](https://github.com/dagger/examples) used in previous
guides
```shell
git clone https://github.com/dagger/examples
```
Make sure that all commands are run from the todoapp directory:
```shell
cd examples/todoapp
```
### Organize your package
Let's create a new directory for our Cue package:
```shell
mkdir kube
```
### Deploy using Kubectl
Kubernetes objects are located inside the `k8s` folder:
```shell
ls -l k8s
# k8s
# ├── deployment.yaml
# └── service.yaml
# 0 directories, 2 files
```
As a starting point, let's deploy them manually with `kubectl`:
```shell
kubectl apply -f k8s/
# deployment.apps/todoapp created
# service/todoapp-service created
```
Verify that the deployment worked:
```shell
kubectl get deployments
# NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
# todoapp 1/1 1 1 10m
kubectl get service
# NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
# todoapp-service NodePort 10.96.225.114 <none> 80:32658/TCP 11m
```
The next step is to transpose it in Cue. Before continuing, clean everything:
```shell
kubectl delete -f k8s/
# deployment.apps "todoapp" deleted
# service "todoapp-service" deleted
```
## Create a basic plan
Create a file named `todoapp.cue` and add the following configuration to it.
```cue file=tests/kube-kind/basic/todoapp.cue title="todoapp/kube/todoapp.cue"
```
This defines a `todoApp` variable containing the Kubernetes objects used to create a todoapp deployment. It also
references a `kubeconfig` value defined below:
<Tabs defaultValue="kind"
groupId="provider"
values={[
{label: 'kind', value: 'kind'}, {label: 'GKE', value: 'gke'}, {label: 'EKS', value: 'eks'},
]}>
<TabItem value="kind">
The following `config.cue` defines:
- `kubeconfig` a generic value created to embed this string `kubeconfig` value
```cue file=tests/kube-kind/config.cue title="todoapp/kube/config.cue"
```
</TabItem>
<TabItem value="gke">
The below `config.cue` defines:
- `kubeconfig` a generic value created to embed this `gke.#KubeConfig` value
- `gcpConfig`: connection to Google using `alpha.dagger.io/gcp`
- `gkeConfig`: transform a `gcpConfig` to a readable format for `kubernetes.#Resources.kubeconfig`
using `alpha.dagger.io/gcp/gke`
```cue file=tests/kube-gcp/basic/config.cue title="todoapp/kube/config.cue"
```
</TabItem>
<TabItem value="eks">
The below `config.cue` defines:
- `kubeconfig`, a generic value created to embed this `eksConfig.kubeconfig` value
- `awsConfig`, connection to Amazon using `alpha.dagger.io/aws`
- `eksConfig`, transform a `awsConfig` to a readable format for `kubernetes.#Resources.kubeconfig`
using `alpha.dagger.io/aws/eks`
```cue file=tests/kube-aws/basic/config.cue title="todoapp/kube/config.cue"
```
</TabItem>
</Tabs>
### Setup the environment
#### Create a new environment
Let's create a project:
```shell
dagger init
```
Let's create an environment to run it:
```shell
dagger new 'kube' -p kube
```
### Configure the environment
Before we can bring up the deployment, we need to provide the `kubeconfig` input declared in the configuration.
Otherwise, Dagger will complain about a missing input:
```shell
dagger up -e kube
# 5:05PM ERR system | required input is missing input=kubeconfig
# 5:05PM ERR system | required input is missing input=manifest
# 5:05PM FTL system | some required inputs are not set, please re-run with `--force` if you think it's a mistake missing=0s
```
You can inspect the list of inputs (both required and optional) using `dagger input list`:
<Tabs defaultValue="kind"
groupId="provider"
values={[
{label: 'kind', value: 'kind'}, {label: 'GKE', value: 'gke'}, {label: 'EKS', value: 'eks'},
]}>
<TabItem value="kind">
```shell
dagger input list -e kube
# Input Value Set by user Description
# kubeconfig string false set with `dagger input text kubeconfig -f "$HOME"/.kube/config -e kube`
# manifest dagger.#Artifact false input: source code repository, must contain a Dockerfile set with `dagger input dir manifest ./k8s -e kube`
# todoApp.namespace *"default" | string false Kubernetes Namespace to deploy to
# todoApp.version *"v1.19.9" | string false Version of kubectl client
```
</TabItem>
<TabItem value="gke">
```shell
dagger input list -e kube
# Input Value Set by user Description
# gcpConfig.region string false GCP region
# gcpConfig.project string false GCP project
# gcpConfig.serviceKey dagger.#Secret false GCP service key
# manifest dagger.#Artifact false input: source code repository, must contain a Dockerfile set with `dagger input dir manifest ./k8s -e kube`
# gkeConfig.clusterName string false GKE cluster name
# gkeConfig.version *"v1.19.9" | string false Kubectl version
# todoApp.namespace *"default" | string false Kubernetes Namespace to deploy to
# todoApp.version *"v1.19.9" | string false Version of kubectl client
```
</TabItem>
<TabItem value="eks">
```shell
dagger input list -e kube
# Input Value Set by user Description
# awsConfig.region string false AWS region
# awsConfig.accessKey dagger.#Secret false AWS access key
# awsConfig.secretKey dagger.#Secret false AWS secret key
# manifest dagger.#Artifact false input: source code repository, must contain a Dockerfile set with `dagger input dir manifest ./k8s -e kube`
# eksConfig.clusterName string false EKS cluster name
# eksConfig.version *"v1.19.9" | string false Kubectl version
# todoApp.namespace *"default" | string false Kubernetes Namespace to deploy to
# todoApp.version *"v1.19.9" | string false Version of kubectl client
```
</TabItem>
</Tabs>
Let's provide the missing inputs:
<Tabs defaultValue="kind"
groupId="provider"
values={[
{label: 'kind', value: 'kind'}, {label: 'GKE', value: 'gke'}, {label: 'EKS', value: 'eks'},
]}>
<TabItem value="kind">
```shell
# we'll use the "$HOME"/.kube/config created by `kind`
dagger input text kubeconfig -f "$HOME"/.kube/config -e kube
# Add as an artifact the k8s folder
dagger input dir manifest ./k8s -e kube
```
</TabItem>
<TabItem value="gke">
```shell
# Add as an artifact the k8s folder
dagger input dir manifest ./k8s -e kube
# Add Google credentials
dagger input text gcpConfig.project <PROJECT> -e kube
dagger input text gcpConfig.region <REGION> -e kube
dagger input secret gcpConfig.serviceKey -f <PATH TO THE SERVICEKEY.json> -e kube
# Add GKE clusterName
dagger input text gkeConfig.clusterName <GKE CLUSTER NAME> -e kube
```
</TabItem>
<TabItem value="eks">
```shell
# Add as an artifact the k8s folder
dagger input dir manifest ./k8s -e kube
# Add Amazon credentials
dagger input text awsConfig.region <REGION> -e kube
dagger input secret awsConfig.accessKey <ACCESS KEY> -e kube
dagger input secret awsConfig.secretKey <SECRET KEY> -e kube
# Add EKS clustername
dagger input text eksConfig.clusterName <EKS CLUSTER NAME> -e kube
```
</TabItem>
</Tabs>
### Deploying
Now is time to deploy to Kubernetes.
```shell
dagger up -e kube
# deploy | computing
# deploy | #26 0.700 deployment.apps/todoapp created
# deploy | #27 0.705 service/todoapp-service created
# deploy | completed duration=1.405s
```
Let's verify if the deployment worked:
```shell
kubectl get deployments
# NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
# todoapp 1/1 1 1 1m
```
Before continuing, cleanup deployment:
```shell
kubectl delete -f k8s/
# deployment.apps "todoapp" deleted
# service "todoapp-service" deleted
```
## Building, pushing, and deploying Docker images
Rather than deploying an existing (`todoapp`) image, we're going to build a Docker image from the source, push it to a
registry, and update the Kubernetes configuration.
### Update the plan
<Tabs defaultValue="kind"
groupId="provider"
values={[
{label: 'kind', value: 'kind'}, {label: 'GKE', value: 'gke'}, {label: 'EKS', value: 'eks'},
]}>
<TabItem value="kind">
Let's see how to deploy an image locally and push it to the local cluster
`kube/todoapp.cue` faces these changes:
- `repository`, source code of the app to build. It needs to have a Dockerfile
- `registry`, URI of the registry to push to
- `image`, build of the image
- `remoteImage`, push an image to the registry
- `kustomization`, apply kustomization to image
```cue file=tests/kube-kind/deployment/todoapp.cue title="todoapp/kube/todoapp.cue"
```
</TabItem>
<TabItem value="gke">
Let's see how to leverage [GCR](https://github.com/dagger/dagger/tree/main/stdlib/gcp/gcr)
and [GKE](https://github.com/dagger/dagger/tree/main/stdlib/gcp/gke) packages.
The two files have to be edited to do so.
`kube/config.cue` configuration has following change:
- definition of a new `gcrCreds` value that contains ecr credentials for remote image push to GCR
```cue file=tests/kube-gcp/deployment/config.cue title="todoapp/kube/config.cue"
```
`kube/todoapp.cue`, on the other hand, faces these changes:
- `repository`, source code of the app to build. It needs to have a Dockerfile
- `registry`, URI of the registry to push to
- `image`, build of the image
- `remoteImage`, push an image to the registry
- `kustomization`, apply kustomization to image
```cue file=tests/kube-gcp/deployment/todoapp.cue title="todoapp/kube/todoapp.cue"
```
</TabItem>
<TabItem value="eks">
Let's see how to leverage [ECR](https://github.com/dagger/dagger/tree/main/stdlib/aws/ecr)
and [EKS](https://github.com/dagger/dagger/tree/main/stdlib/aws/eks) packages.
The two files have to be edited to do so.
`kube/config.cue` configuration has following change:
- definition of a new `ecrCreds` value that contains ecr credentials for remote image push to ECR
```cue file=tests/kube-aws/deployment/config.cue title="todoapp/kube/config.cue"
```
`kube/todoapp.cue`, on the other hand, faces these changes:
- `repository`, source code of the app to build. It needs to have a Dockerfile
- `registry`, URI of the registry to push to
- `image`, build of the image
- `remoteImage`, push an image to the registry
- `kustomization`, apply kustomization to image
```cue file=tests/kube-aws/deployment/todoapp.cue title="todoapp/kube/todoapp.cue"
```
</TabItem>
</Tabs>
### Connect the Inputs
<Tabs defaultValue="kind"
groupId="provider"
values={[
{label: 'kind', value: 'kind'}, {label: 'GKE', value: 'gke'}, {label: 'EKS', value: 'eks'},
]}>
<TabItem value="kind">
Next, we'll provide the two new inputs, `repository` and `registry`.
```shell
# A name after `localhost:5000/` is required to avoid error on push to the local registry
dagger input text registry "localhost:5000/kind" -e kube
# Add todoapp (current folder) to repository value
dagger input dir repository . -e kube
```
</TabItem>
<TabItem value="gke">
Next, we'll provide the two new inputs, `repository` and `registry`.
```shell
# Add registry to export built image to
dagger input text registry <URI> -e kube
# Add todoapp (current folder) to repository value
dagger input dir repository . -e kube
```
</TabItem>
<TabItem value="eks">
Next, we'll provide the two new inputs, `repository` and `registry`.
```shell
# Add registry to export built image to
dagger input text registry <URI> -e kube
# Add todoapp (current folder) to repository value
dagger input dir repository . -e kube
```
</TabItem>
</Tabs>
### Bring up the changes
```shell
dagger up -e kube
# 4:09AM INF manifest | computing
# 4:09AM INF repository | computing
# ...
# 4:09AM INF todoApp.kubeSrc | #37 0.858 service/todoapp-service created
# 4:09AM INF todoApp.kubeSrc | #37 0.879 deployment.apps/todoapp created
# Output Value Description
# todoApp.remoteImage.ref "localhost:5000/kind:test-kind@sha256:cb8d92518b876a3fe15a23f7c071290dfbad50283ad976f3f5b93e9f20cefee6" Image ref
# todoApp.remoteImage.digest "sha256:cb8d92518b876a3fe15a23f7c071290dfbad50283ad976f3f5b93e9f20cefee6" Image digest
```
Let's verify if the deployment worked:
```shell
kubectl get deployments
# NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
# todoapp 1/1 1 1 50s
```
Before continuing, cleanup deployment:
```shell
kubectl delete -f k8s/
# deployment.apps "todoapp" deleted
# service "todoapp-service" deleted
```
## CUE Kubernetes manifest
This section will convert Kubernetes YAML manifest from `k8s` directory to [CUE](https://cuelang.org/) to take advantage
of the language features.
> For a more advanced example, see the [official CUE Kubernetes tutorial](https://github.com/cue-lang/cue/blob/v0.4.0/doc/tutorial/kubernetes/README.md)
### Convert Kubernetes objects to CUE
First, let's create re-usable definitions for the `deployment` and the `service` to remove a lot of boilerplate and
repetition.
Let's define a re-usable `#Deployment` definition in `kube/deployment.cue`.
```cue file=tests/kube-kind/cue-manifest/deployment.cue title="todoapp/kube/deployment.cue"
```
Indeed, let's also define a re-usable `#Service` definition in `kube/service.cue`.
```cue file=tests/kube-kind/cue-manifest/service.cue title="todoapp/kube/service.cue"
```
### Generate Kubernetes manifest
Now that you have generic definitions for your Kubernetes objects. You can use them to get back your YAML definition
without having boilerplate nor repetition.
Create a new definition named `#AppManifest` that will generate the YAML in `kube/manifest.cue`.
```cue file=tests/kube-kind/cue-manifest/manifest.cue title="todoapp/kube/manifest.cue"
```
### Update manifest
You can now remove the `manifest` input in `kube/todoapp.cue` and instead use the manifest created by `#AppManifest`.
`kube/todoapp.cue` configuration has following changes:
- removal of unused imported `encoding/yaml` and `kustomize` packages.
- removal of `manifest` input that is doesn't need anymore.
- removal of `kustomization` to replace it with `#AppManifest` definition.
- Update `kubeSrc` to use `manifest` field instead of `source` because we don't send Kubernetes manifest
of `dagger.#Artifact` type anymore.
<Tabs defaultValue="kind"
groupId="provider"
values={[
{label: 'kind', value: 'kind'}, {label: 'GKE', value: 'gke'}, {label: 'EKS', value: 'eks'},
]}>
<TabItem value="kind">
```cue file=tests/kube-kind/cue-manifest/todoapp.cue title="todoapp/kube/todoapp.cue"
```
</TabItem>
<TabItem value="gke">
```cue file=tests/kube-gcp/cue-manifest/todoapp.cue title="todoapp/kube/todoapp.cue"
```
</TabItem>
<TabItem value="eks">
```cue file=tests/kube-aws/cue-manifest/todoapp.cue title="todoapp/kube/todoapp.cue"
```
</TabItem>
</Tabs>
### Remove unused input
Now that we manage our Kubernetes manifest in CUE, we don't need `manifest` anymore.
```shell
# Remove `manifest` input
dagger input unset manifest -e kube
```
### Deployment
```shell
dagger up -e kube
# 4:09AM INF manifest | computing
# 4:09AM INF repository | computing
# ...
# 4:09AM INF todoApp.kubeSrc | #37 0.858 service/todoapp-service created
# 4:09AM INF todoApp.kubeSrc | #37 0.879 deployment.apps/todoapp created
# Output Value Description
# todoApp.remoteImage.ref "localhost:5000/kind:test-kind@sha256:cb8d91518b076a3fe15a33f7c171290dfbad50283ad976f3f5b93e9f33cefag7" Image ref
# todoApp.remoteImage.digest "sha256:cb8d91518b076a3fe15a33f7c171290dfbad50283ad976f3f5b93e9f33cefag7" Image digest
```
Let's verify that the deployment worked:
```shell
kubectl get deployments
# NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
# todoapp 1/1 1 1 37s
```
## Next Steps
Integrate Helm with Dagger:
- [Helm](https://github.com/dagger/dagger/tree/main/stdlib/kubernetes/helm)