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---
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slug: /1007/kubernetes/
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---
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# Deploy to Kubernetes with Dagger
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This tutorial illustrates how to use Dagger to build, push and deploy Docker images to Kubernetes.
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import Tabs from '@theme/Tabs'; import TabItem from '@theme/TabItem';
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## Prerequisites
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For this tutorial, you will need a Kubernetes cluster.
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< Tabs defaultValue = "kind"
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groupId="provider"
values={[
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{label: 'kind', value: 'kind'}, {label: 'GKE', value: 'gke'}, {label: 'EKS', value: 'eks'},
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]}>
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< TabItem value = "kind" >
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[Kind ](https://kind.sigs.k8s.io/docs/user/quick-start ) is a tool for running local Kubernetes clusters using Docker.
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1\. Install kind
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Follow [these instructions ](https://kind.sigs.k8s.io/docs/user/quick-start ) to install Kind.
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Alternatively, on macOS using [homebrew ](https://brew.sh/ ):
```shell
brew install kind
```
2\. Start a local registry
```shell
docker run -d -p 5000:5000 --name registry registry:2
```
3\. Create a cluster with the local registry enabled in containerd
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```shell
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cat < < EOF | kind create cluster --config = -
kind: Cluster
apiVersion: kind.x-k8s.io/v1alpha4
containerdConfigPatches:
- |-
[plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry.mirrors."localhost:5000"]
endpoint = ["http://registry:5000"]
EOF
```
4\. Connect the registry to the cluster network
```shell
docker network connect kind registry
```
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< / TabItem >
< TabItem value = "gke" >
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This tutorial can be run against a [GCP GKE ](https://cloud.google.com/kubernetes-engine ) cluster
and [GCR ](https://cloud.google.com/container-registry ). You can follow
this [GCP documentation ](https://cloud.google.com/kubernetes-engine/docs/quickstart ) to create a GKE cluster. You will
also need to create
a [kubeconfig ](https://cloud.google.com/kubernetes-engine/docs/quickstart#get_authentication_credentials_for_the_cluster )
.
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< / TabItem >
< TabItem value = "eks" >
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This tutorial can be run against a [AWS EKS ](https://aws.amazon.com/eks/ ) cluster and [ECR ](https://aws.amazon.com/ecr/ )
. You can follow this [AWS documentation ](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/eks/latest/userguide/getting-started-console.html )
to create an EKS cluster. You will also need to create
a [kubeconfig ](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/eks/latest/userguide/create-kubeconfig.html ).
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< / TabItem >
< / Tabs >
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## Initialize a Dagger Workspace and Environment
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### (optional) Setup example app
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You will need the local copy of the [Dagger examples repository ](https://github.com/dagger/examples ) used in previous
guides
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```shell
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git clone https://github.com/dagger/examples
```
Make sure that all commands are run from the todoapp directory:
```shell
cd examples/todoapp
```
### (optional) Initialize a Cue module
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This guide will use the same directory as the root of the Dagger workspace and the root of the Cue module, but you can
create your Cue module anywhere inside the Dagger workspace.
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```shell
cue mod init
```
### Organize your package
Let's create a new directory for our Cue package:
```shell
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mkdir kube
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```
### Deploy using Kubectl
Kubernetes objects are located inside the `k8s` folder:
```shell
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ls -l k8s
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# k8s
# ├── deployment.yaml
# └── service.yaml
# 0 directories, 2 files
```
As a starting point, let's deploy them manually with `kubectl` :
```shell
kubectl apply -f k8s/
# deployment.apps/todoapp created
# service/todoapp-service created
```
Verify that the deployment worked:
```shell
kubectl get deployments
# NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
# todoapp 1/1 1 1 10m
kubectl get service
# NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
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# todoapp-service NodePort 10.96.225.114 <none> 80:32658/TCP 11m
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```
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The next step is to transpose it in Cue. Before continuing, clean everything:
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```shell
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kubectl delete -f k8s/
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# deployment.apps "todoapp" deleted
# service "todoapp-service" deleted
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```
## Create a basic plan
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Create a file named `todoapp.cue` and add the following configuration to it.
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```cue file=tests/kube-kind/basic/todoapp.cue title="todoapp/kube/todoapp.cue"
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```
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This defines a `todoApp` variable containing the Kubernetes objects used to create a todoapp deployment. It also
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references a `kubeconfig` value defined below:
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< Tabs defaultValue = "kind"
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groupId="provider"
values={[
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{label: 'kind', value: 'kind'}, {label: 'GKE', value: 'gke'}, {label: 'EKS', value: 'eks'},
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]}>
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< TabItem value = "kind" >
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The following `config.cue` defines:
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- `kubeconfig` a generic value created to embed this string `kubeconfig` value
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```cue file=tests/kube-kind/config.cue title="todoapp/kube/config.cue"
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```
< / TabItem >
< TabItem value = "gke" >
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The below `config.cue` defines:
- `kubeconfig` a generic value created to embbed this `gke.#KubeConfig` value
- `gcpConfig` : connection to Google using `alpha.dagger.io/gcp`
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- `gkeConfig` : transform a `gcpConfig` to a readable format for `kubernetes.#Resources.kubeconfig`
using `alpha.dagger.io/gcp/gke`
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```cue file=tests/kube-gcp/basic/config.cue title="todoapp/kube/config.cue"
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```
< / TabItem >
< TabItem value = "eks" >
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The below `config.cue` defines:
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- `kubeconfig` , a generic value created to embbed this `eksConfig.kubeconfig` value
- `awsConfig` , connection to Amazon using `alpha.dagger.io/aws`
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- `eksConfig` , transform a `awsConfig` to a readable format for `kubernetes.#Resources.kubeconfig`
using `alpha.dagger.io/aws/eks`
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```cue file=tests/kube-aws/basic/config.cue title="todoapp/kube/config.cue"
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```
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< / TabItem >
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< / Tabs >
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### Setup the environment
#### Create a new environment
Now that your Cue package is ready, let's create an environment to run it:
```shell
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dagger new 'kube' -p kube
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```
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### Configure the environment
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Before we can bring up the deployment, we need to provide the `kubeconfig` input declared in the configuration.
Otherwise, Dagger will complain about a missing input:
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```shell
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dagger up -e kube
# 5:05PM ERR system | required input is missing input=kubeconfig
# 5:05PM ERR system | required input is missing input=manifest
# 5:05PM FTL system | some required inputs are not set, please re-run with `--force` if you think it's a mistake missing=0s
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```
You can inspect the list of inputs (both required and optional) using `dagger input list` :
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< Tabs defaultValue = "kind"
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groupId="provider"
values={[
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{label: 'kind', value: 'kind'}, {label: 'GKE', value: 'gke'}, {label: 'EKS', value: 'eks'},
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]}>
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< TabItem value = "kind" >
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```shell
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dagger input list -e kube
# Input Value Set by user Description
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# kubeconfig string false set with `dagger input text kubeconfig -f "$HOME"/.kube/config -e kube`
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# manifest dagger.#Artifact false input: source code repository, must contain a Dockerfile set with `dagger input dir manifest ./k8s -e kube`
# todoApp.namespace *"default" | string false Kubernetes Namespace to deploy to
# todoApp.version *"v1.19.9" | string false Version of kubectl client
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```
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< / TabItem >
< TabItem value = "gke" >
```shell
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dagger input list -e kube
# Input Value Set by user Description
# gcpConfig.region string false GCP region
# gcpConfig.project string false GCP project
# gcpConfig.serviceKey dagger.#Secret false GCP service key
# manifest dagger.#Artifact false input: source code repository, must contain a Dockerfile set with `dagger input dir manifest ./k8s -e kube`
# gkeConfig.clusterName string false GKE cluster name
# gkeConfig.version *"v1.19.9" | string false Kubectl version
# todoApp.namespace *"default" | string false Kubernetes Namespace to deploy to
# todoApp.version *"v1.19.9" | string false Version of kubectl client
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```
< / TabItem >
< TabItem value = "eks" >
```shell
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dagger input list -e kube
# Input Value Set by user Description
# awsConfig.region string false AWS region
# awsConfig.accessKey dagger.#Secret false AWS access key
# awsConfig.secretKey dagger.#Secret false AWS secret key
# manifest dagger.#Artifact false input: source code repository, must contain a Dockerfile set with `dagger input dir manifest ./k8s -e kube`
# eksConfig.clusterName string false EKS cluster name
# eksConfig.version *"v1.19.9" | string false Kubectl version
# todoApp.namespace *"default" | string false Kubernetes Namespace to deploy to
# todoApp.version *"v1.19.9" | string false Version of kubectl client
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```
< / TabItem >
< / Tabs >
Let's provide the missing inputs:
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< Tabs defaultValue = "kind"
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groupId="provider"
values={[
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{label: 'kind', value: 'kind'}, {label: 'GKE', value: 'gke'}, {label: 'EKS', value: 'eks'},
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]}>
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< TabItem value = "kind" >
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```shell
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# we'll use the "$HOME"/.kube/config created by `kind`
dagger input text kubeconfig -f "$HOME"/.kube/config -e kube
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# Add as an artifact the k8s folder
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dagger input dir manifest ./k8s -e kube
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```
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< / TabItem >
< TabItem value = "gke" >
```shell
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# Add as an artifact the k8s folder
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dagger input dir manifest ./k8s -e kube
# Add Google credentials
dagger input text gcpConfig.project < PROJECT > -e kube
dagger input text gcpConfig.region < REGION > -e kube
dagger input secret gcpConfig.serviceKey -f < PATH TO THE SERVICEKEY . json > -e kube
# Add GKE clusterName
dagger input text gkeConfig.clusterName < GKE CLUSTER NAME > -e kube
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```
< / TabItem >
< TabItem value = "eks" >
```shell
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# Add as an artifact the k8s folder
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dagger input dir manifest ./k8s -e kube
# Add Amazon credentials
dagger input text awsConfig.region < REGION > -e kube
dagger input secret awsConfig.accessKey < ACCESS KEY > -e kube
dagger input secret awsConfig.secretKey < SECRET KEY > -e kube
# Add EKS clustername
dagger input text eksConfig.clusterName < EKS CLUSTER NAME > -e kube
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```
< / TabItem >
< / Tabs >
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### Deploying
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Now is time to deploy to Kubernetes.
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```shell
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dagger up -e kube
# deploy | computing
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# deploy | #26 0.700 deployment.apps/todoapp created
# deploy | #27 0.705 service/todoapp-service created
# deploy | completed duration=1.405s
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```
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Let's verify if the deployment worked:
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```shell
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kubectl get deployments
# NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
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# todoapp 1/1 1 1 1m
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```
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Before continuing, cleanup deployment:
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```shell
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kubectl delete -f k8s/
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# deployment.apps "todoapp" deleted
# service "todoapp-service" deleted
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```
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## Building, pushing, and deploying Docker images
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Rather than deploying an existing (`todoapp`) image, we're going to build a Docker image from the source, push it to a
registry, and update the Kubernetes configuration.
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### Update the plan
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< Tabs defaultValue = "kind"
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groupId="provider"
values={[
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{label: 'kind', value: 'kind'}, {label: 'GKE', value: 'gke'}, {label: 'EKS', value: 'eks'},
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]}>
< TabItem value = "kind" >
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Let's see how to deploy an image locally and push it to the local cluster
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`kube/todoapp.cue` faces these changes:
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- `repository` , source code of the app to build. It needs to have a Dockerfile
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- `registry` , URI of the registry to push to
- `image` , build of the image
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- `remoteImage` , push an image to the registry
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- `kustomization` , apply kustomization to image
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```cue file=tests/kube-kind/deployment/todoapp.cue title="todoapp/kube/todoapp.cue"
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```
< / TabItem >
< TabItem value = "gke" >
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Let's see how to leverage [GCR ](https://github.com/dagger/dagger/tree/main/stdlib/gcp/gcr )
and [GKE ](https://github.com/dagger/dagger/tree/main/stdlib/gcp/gke ) packages.
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The two files have to be edited to do so.
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`kube/config.cue` configuration has following change:
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- definition of a new `gcrCreds` value that contains ecr credentials for remote image push to GCR
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```cue file=tests/kube-gcp/deployment/config.cue title="todoapp/kube/config.cue"
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```
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`kube/todoapp.cue` , on the other hand, faces these changes:
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- `repository` , source code of the app to build. It needs to have a Dockerfile
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- `registry` , URI of the registry to push to
- `image` , build of the image
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- `remoteImage` , push an image to the registry
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- `kustomization` , apply kustomization to image
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```cue file=tests/kube-gcp/deployment/todoapp.cue title="todoapp/kube/todoapp.cue"
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```
< / TabItem >
< TabItem value = "eks" >
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Let's see how to leverage [ECR ](https://github.com/dagger/dagger/tree/main/stdlib/aws/ecr )
and [EKS ](https://github.com/dagger/dagger/tree/main/stdlib/aws/eks ) packages.
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The two files have to be edited to do so.
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`kube/config.cue` configuration has following change:
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- definition of a new `ecrCreds` value that contains ecr credentials for remote image push to ECR
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```cue file=tests/kube-aws/deployment/config.cue title="todoapp/kube/config.cue"
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```
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`kube/todoapp.cue` , on the other hand, faces these changes:
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- `repository` , source code of the app to build. It needs to have a Dockerfile
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- `registry` , URI of the registry to push to
- `image` , build of the image
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- `remoteImage` , push an image to the registry
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- `kustomization` , apply kustomization to image
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```cue file=tests/kube-aws/deployment/todoapp.cue title="todoapp/kube/todoapp.cue"
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```
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< / TabItem >
< / Tabs >
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### Connect the Inputs
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< Tabs defaultValue = "kind"
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groupId="provider"
values={[
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{label: 'kind', value: 'kind'}, {label: 'GKE', value: 'gke'}, {label: 'EKS', value: 'eks'},
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]}>
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< TabItem value = "kind" >
Next, we'll provide the two new inputs, `repository` and `registry` .
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```shell
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# A name after `localhost:5000/` is required to avoid error on push to the local registry
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dagger input text registry "localhost:5000/kind" -e kube
# Add todoapp (current folder) to repository value
dagger input dir repository . -e kube
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```
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< / TabItem >
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< TabItem value = "gke" >
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Next, we'll provide the two new inputs, `repository` and `registry` .
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```shell
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# Add registry to export built image to
dagger input text registry < URI > -e kube
# Add todoapp (current folder) to repository value
dagger input dir repository . -e kube
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```
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< / TabItem >
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< TabItem value = "eks" >
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Next, we'll provide the two new inputs, `repository` and `registry` .
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```shell
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# Add registry to export built image to
dagger input text registry < URI > -e kube
# Add todoapp (current folder) to repository value
dagger input dir repository . -e kube
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```
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< / TabItem >
< / Tabs >
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### Bring up the changes
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```shell
dagger up -e kube
# 4:09AM INF manifest | computing
# 4:09AM INF repository | computing
# ...
# 4:09AM INF todoApp.kubeSrc | #37 0.858 service/todoapp-service created
# 4:09AM INF todoApp.kubeSrc | #37 0.879 deployment.apps/todoapp created
# Output Value Description
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# todoApp.remoteImage.ref "localhost:5000/kind:test-kind@sha256:cb8d92518b876a3fe15a23f7c071290dfbad50283ad976f3f5b93e9f20cefee6" Image ref
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# todoApp.remoteImage.digest "sha256:cb8d92518b876a3fe15a23f7c071290dfbad50283ad976f3f5b93e9f20cefee6" Image digest
```
Let's verify if the deployment worked:
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```shell
kubectl get deployments
# NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
# todoapp 1/1 1 1 50s
```
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Before continuing, cleanup deployment:
```shell
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kubectl delete -f k8s/
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# deployment.apps "todoapp" deleted
# service "todoapp-service" deleted
```
## CUE Kubernetes manifest
This section will convert Kubernetes YAML manifest from `k8s` directory to [CUE ](https://cuelang.org/ ) to take advantage
of the language features.
> For a more advanced example, see the [official CUE Kubernetes tutorial](https://github.com/cuelang/cue/blob/v0.4.0/doc/tutorial/kubernetes/README.md)
### Convert Kubernetes objects to CUE
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First, let's create re-usable definitions for the `deployment` and the `service` to remove a lot of boilerplate and
repetition.
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Let's define a re-usable `#Deployment` definition in `kube/deployment.cue` .
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```cue file=tests/kube-kind/cue-manifest/deployment.cue title="todoapp/kube/deployment.cue"
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```
Indeed, let's also define a re-usable `#Service` definition in `kube/service.cue` .
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```cue file=tests/kube-kind/cue-manifest/service.cue title="todoapp/kube/service.cue"
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```
### Generate Kubernetes manifest
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Now that you have generic definitions for your Kubernetes objects. You can use them to get back your YAML definition
without having boilerplate nor repetition.
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Create a new definition named `#AppManifest` that will generate the YAML in `kube/manifest.cue` .
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```cue file=tests/kube-kind/cue-manifest/manifest.cue title="todoapp/kube/manifest.cue"
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```
### Update manifest
You can now remove the `manifest` input in `kube/todoapp.cue` and instead use the manifest created by `#AppManifest` .
`kube/todoapp.cue` configuration has following changes:
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- removal of unused imported `encoding/yaml` and `kustomize` packages.
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- removal of `manifest` input that is doesn't need anymore.
- removal of `kustomization` to replace it with `#AppManifest` definition.
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- Update `kubeSrc` to use `manifest` field instead of `source` because we don't send Kubernetes manifest
of `dagger.#Artifact` type anymore.
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< Tabs defaultValue = "kind"
groupId="provider"
values={[
{label: 'kind', value: 'kind'}, {label: 'GKE', value: 'gke'}, {label: 'EKS', value: 'eks'},
]}>
< TabItem value = "kind" >
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```cue file=tests/kube-kind/cue-manifest/todoapp.cue title="todoapp/kube/todoapp.cue"
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```
< / TabItem >
< TabItem value = "gke" >
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```cue file=tests/kube-gcp/cue-manifest/todoapp.cue title="todoapp/kube/todoapp.cue"
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```
< / TabItem >
< TabItem value = "eks" >
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```cue file=tests/kube-aws/cue-manifest/todoapp.cue title="todoapp/kube/todoapp.cue"
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```
< / TabItem >
< / Tabs >
### Remove unused input
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Now that we manage our Kubernetes manifest in CUE, we don't need `manifest` anymore.
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```shell
# Remove `manifest` input
dagger input unset manifest -e kube
```
### Deployment
```shell
dagger up -e kube
# 4:09AM INF manifest | computing
# 4:09AM INF repository | computing
# ...
# 4:09AM INF todoApp.kubeSrc | #37 0.858 service/todoapp-service created
# 4:09AM INF todoApp.kubeSrc | #37 0.879 deployment.apps/todoapp created
# Output Value Description
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# todoApp.remoteImage.ref "localhost:5000/kind:test-kind@sha256:cb8d91518b076a3fe15a33f7c171290dfbad50283ad976f3f5b93e9f33cefag7" Image ref
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# todoApp.remoteImage.digest "sha256:cb8d91518b076a3fe15a33f7c171290dfbad50283ad976f3f5b93e9f33cefag7" Image digest
```
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Let's verify that the deployment worked:
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```shell
kubectl get deployments
# NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
# todoapp 1/1 1 1 37s
```
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## Next Steps
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Integrate Helm with Dagger:
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- [Helm ](https://github.com/dagger/dagger/tree/main/stdlib/kubernetes/helm )